Donor cells | Exosomal cargo | Recipient cells | Function | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Macrophages, DCs | Leukotriene biosynthetic enzymes | PMNs | Induction of PMN migration | [29] |
Platelets | 12-lipoxygenase, secretory phospholipase A2-IIA | PMNs | Pro-inflammatory responses | [30] |
Macrophages | NADPH oxidase-derived ROS | PMNs | Triggering PMN necroptosis, amplification of inflammation | [31] |
PMNs | miR-30d-5p | Macrophages | Induces macrophage pyroptosis in ALI | [32] |
MSCs | miR-21-5p | Macrophages | Regulates inflammatory response, promotes repair after myocardial injury | |
DCs | MHC-peptide complexes, co-stimulatory molecules | T cells, DCs | Antigen presentation, activation of memory, and naive T cells | |
APCs | Specific antigens | T and B cells | Stimulation of T and B cells, development of immune memory | |
MSCs | miRNAs | T cells | Modulates proliferation and activation, phenotype shifts, cytokine reduction | |
T cells | tRNA fragments, immunoregulatory cytokines | DCs, T cells | Regulates immune response, activation of antiviral pathways, feedback inhibition |