From: Immune cells: potential carriers or agents for drug delivery to the central nervous system
Immune cells | Components | Loaded drugs/nanoparticles | Methods | Model in vivo | Functions | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monocyte | Cell | Conjugated polymer nanoparticles | Trojan horse | GL261 orthotopic gliomas mice model | Target BBB and tumor Increase the PDT treatment efficacy | [86] |
Monocyte | Cell | Nano-DOX | Trojan horse | Orthotopic GBM xenografts mice model | Target BBB and tumor cells Induce tumor cell damage by promoting DAMP emission | [87] |
Macrophage | Cell | Photothermal nanoprobe (MFe3O4-Cy5.5) | Trojan horse | C6 orthotopic gliomas rat model | Target BBB and tumor, and penetrate deeply Perform fluorescence, photoacoustic, and magnetic resonance imaging Induce local photothermal therapy Inhibit the recurrence of glioma after surgery | [88] |
Macrophage | Cell | C6/Dir loaded nanoparticles | Trojan horse | U87 orthotopic gliomas mice model | Target BBB and tumor Promote deeper permeation in tumor tissue | [89] |
Macrophage | Cell | Dox | Trojan horse | – | Enhance drug release efficacy from macrophage by photochemical internalization | [90] |
Macrophage | Cell | β-Glucans prodrug nanoparticles | Trojan horse | ALTS1C1 and LCPN orthotopic gliomas mice model | Target BBB and tumor cells Glutathione responsive drug release Suppress tumor growth and prolong survival time | [91] |
M2 macrophage | Cell | Nano-DOX | Trojan horse | Orthotopic GBM xenografts mice model | Target BBB and tumor Modulate tumor immune microenvironment Suppress tumor growth | [92] |
M1 macrophage | Cell | DOX-loaded PLGA nanoparticles | Trojan horse | U87 intracranial glioma-bearing mice model | Target BBB and tumor cells Induce tumor cell apoptosis Suppress tumor growth and prolong survival time | [93] |
Macrophage | Membrane | MnO2 and cisplatin-loaded redox-responsive poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) nanogels | Hypotonic lysis/freeze–thaw/centrifugation Co-extrusion | C6 orthotopic brain glioma model | Target BBB Deplete excess glutathione Exhibit magnetic resonance imaging-guided chemotherapy/chemodynamic therapy | [94] |
Macrophage | Membrane | DSPE-PEG-loaded IR-792 nanoparticles | Lysis buffer, sonication, and centrifugation Co-extrusion | U87L orthotopic GBM model | Target BBB and tumor Suppress tumor growth and prolong survival time | [95] |
PD-1 overexpressed macrophage | Membrane | RAPA-loaded PLGA nanoparticles | Homogenization and centrifugation Co-extrusion | C6-Luc orthotopic gliomas mice model | Target BBB and the tumor microenvironment Block the immune checkpoint Activate the CD8+ CTL | [96] |
M1-macrophage | Extracellular vesicles | CPPO and Ce6 modified and hypoxia-activated prodrug AQ4N | Incubation, ultracentrifugation, incubation and ultrafiltration (Pre-and post-loading) | Orthotopic gliomas mice model | Target BBB and tumor cells Modulate the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment The chemiexcited photodynamic therapy and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy | [97] |
Macrophage | Exosomes | SPIONs) and Cur | Differential centrifugation and ultrafiltration; Electroporation (post-loading) | U251 orthotopic gliomas mice model | Target BBB and tumor | [98] |
Functionalized macrophage | Exosomes | Panobinostat and PPM1D-siRNA loaded positively charged micelles | Centrifugation and ultrafiltration; Hypotonic lysis Co-extrusion | Orthotopic DIPG-bearing mice | Target BBB and tumor Suppress tumor growth and prolong survival time | [99] |
Microglia | Cell | PTX loaded liposome | Trojan horse | U87 MG and GL261 orthotopic gliomas mice model | Target BBB and tumor Transport drug to glioma cells via extracellular vesicles and tunneling nanotubes Suppress tumor progression | [100] |
Microglia | Membrane | ZOL loaded nanoparticle | Mechanical crushing; Co-extrusion | GL261/TR orthotopic gliomas mice model | Target BBB and tumor cells Inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the migration and invasion of temozolomide-resistant GBM cells Improve the immunosuppressive and hypoxic microenvironment | [101] |
Microglia | Membrane | Fe3O4-siPD-L1 | Hypotonic lysis/freeze–thaw/centrifugation; Sonication and co-exclusion | Luc-GL261/TR orthotopic gliomas mice model | Target BBB and tumor cells Increase effector T cells and M1-type microglia Induce ferroptosis of GBM cells and maturation of DC cell Suppress tumor growth and prolong survival time | [102] |
Neutrophil | Cell | PTX loaded cationic liposome | Trojan horse | Glioma surgical resection model | Target inflamed regions in brain and tumor cells Inflammatory responsive drug release Suppress the recurrence and improve survival rates | [103] |
Neutrophil | Cell | DOX-loaded magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles | Trojan horse | Glioma surgical resection model | Target inflamed regions in brain and tumor cells Suppress tumor growth and prolong survival time Promote tumor cells and TAM apoptosis | [104] |
Neutrophil | Cell | Escherichia coli membrane-enveloped, PTX-loaded magnetic nanogels | Trojan horse | Glioma surgical resection model | Target inflamed regions in brain and tumor cells Inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells | [105] |
Neutrophil | Cell | PTX and anti-PD-1 antibody-loaded nanosensitizer | Trojan horse | GL261 tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice | Target inflamed regions in brain and tumor cells Ultrasound responsive drug release Kill tumor and induce local inflammation Improve survival rates | [106] |
Neutrophil | Exosomes | DOX | Centrifugal and filter separation, Sonication, and incubation (post-loading) | Zebrafish and C6-Luc glioma-bearing mice models | Target BBB and tumor cells Suppress tumor growth and prolong survival time | [107] |
Neutrophil/ Macrophage | Membrane | RAPA-loaded PLGA nanoparticles | Hypotonic lysis and homogenizer; Sonication and co-extrusion | C6-Luc glioma-bearing mice models | Target inflamed regions in brain and tumor cells Eliminating glioma cells and inducing durable tumor regression | [108] |
NK cell | Membrane | AIE nanoparticles | Lysis buffer/differential ultracentrifugation and co-extrusion | Orthotopic glioma models | Target BBB and tumor cells Trigger TJs disruption and actin cytoskeleton reorganization Suppress tumor growth | [109] |
DC cell | Cell | Nano-DOX | Trojan horse | Orthotopic human GBM xenografts mice model | Target BBB and tumor Enhance DC-driven anti-GBM immune response | [110] |
DC cell | membrane | RAPA-loaded PLGA nanoparticles | Lysis buffer and centrifugation Co-extrusion | C6-Luc glioma C57 mice | Target BBB and tumor Enhance immune response Suppress tumor growth and prolong survival time | [111] |
DC cell | C6 and DC membrane | DTX nanosuspensions | Hypotoniclysis/freeze–thaw/differential ultracentrifugation and sonication | Intracranial glioma- mouse model | Target BBB and tumor Enhance DTX anti-tumor efficiency Activate downstream immune system | [112] |