Fig. 3

Underlying mechanisms of toxicities based on single-cell analyses. a High-grade CRS is associated with reduced frequencies of exhausted CD8⁺ T cells and NKT cells and increased frequencies of exhausted and memory CD4⁺ T cells [41]; b ICANS-associated cells were significantly over-represented in the infusion products of patients who developed high-grade ICANS [125]; c CD19⁺ human brain mural cells may contribute to the neurotoxicity of CD19-directed CAR-T immunotherapy; d Hematological toxicity is associated with the dominant oligoclonal T cell expansion [226]. CRS cytokine release syndrome, NKT natural killer T, ICANS immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, CAR-T chimeric antigen receptor T, PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells