Fig. 3

Cell proliferation and osteogenesis evaluation of MSCs on Ti or functionalized Ti substrate. a Fluorescence images of MSCs on Ti or functionalized Ti substrate, Hoechst 33258 (blue) and Actin (red). Scale bar = 200 μm. b Cell proliferation of MSCs on Ti or functionalized Ti substrate by CCK-8 assay. c ALP activity of MSCs on Ti or functionalized Ti substrate after incubation for 7 d. d Collagen secretion of MSCs on Ti or functionalized Ti substrate were detected and quantified by Sirius red staining. e ECM mineralization of MSCs in each sample were measured and quantified by Alizarin red staining. f mRNA expression of osteogenesis-related genes Runx2, BMP2, OPN, and OCN measured by qRT‑PCR. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01; Ti titanium, PDA polydopamine nanoparticles, SNP sodium nitroprusside, OGP osteogenic growth peptide, MSCs marrow stromal cells, ALP alkaline phosphatase, ECM extracellular matrix, Runx2 runt-related transcription factor 2, BMP2 bone morphogenetic protein 2, OPN osteopontin, OCN osteocalcin, qRT‑PCR quantitative real‑time reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction