Table 4 Comparison between natural exosomes and the different strategies used to yield artificial exosomes
Type | Source | Biomimetic profile | Production quantity | Production complexity | Programmability/tunability | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural exosomes | Naturally released from parent cells (isolated from the cell supernatant) | +++ | ‒ | ++ | + | |
Artificial exosomes (exosome-like NPs) | Extrusion of donor cells through porous membranes or forcing them to move through microfluidic devices (Top-down strategy) | ++ | +++ | + | ++ | |
| Â | Self-assembly of synthetic phospholipid bilayers (liposomes) with antibodies, peptides or membrane proteins (Bottom-up strategy) | + | ++ | + | ++ | |
|  | Fusion of two nanovesicles of different origins to yield hybrid structures (Top-down strategy) | – | ++ | ++ | ++ | |
|  | Coating of NP cores with biomembranes (exosomal membranes or cell membrane nanovesicles) (Top-down strategy) | ++ | ++ | + | ++  |