Fig. 1

Correlation diagram of multiple strategies and purposes of natural biomaterials for tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine based on novel techniques and tools in recent years. Typical natural biomaterials include biopolyesters of polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and their derivatives (e.g., PLGA, PHA-PLA); polysaccharides of hyaluronic acid (HA), alginate, cellulose and chitosan, proteins and poly (amino acid)s of collagen, gelatin, fibroin, γ-poly-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), respectively. Novel techniques and tools contain novel chassis strains/cells for biosynthesis, synthetic biology tools, metabolic engineering, artificial intelligence and machine learning, respectively. The strategies for optimized natural biomaterials are higher production and lower costs, regulation of material properties, better biosafety, design of unknown biomaterials, and optimized manufacturing of biomaterial devices, respectively. PLGA poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), PHA-PLA polyhydroxyalkanoate-polylactic acid