Fig. 3
From: Adhesive hydrogels in osteoarthritis: from design to application
Functional additives-based treatments and main biological mechanisms involved in OA treatment. a Common functional additives in OA treatment. These additives contain drugs, and cell-related additives, including cells, cytokines and peptides, PRP, genes and exosomes. b The main biological mechanisms of additives and their functions in OA therapy. The biological mechanisms include: 1) anti-inflammation and pain relief; 2) cartilage regeneration and protection; 3) modulation of osteoimmune environment. The functions include: 1) anti-inflammation; 2) immunoregulatory function; 3) chondrogenesis; 4) inhibition of degradation; 5) inhibition of osteoclasts; 6) pain relief; 7) adaption to mechanical stress; 8) cell proliferation. OA osteoarthritis, LZ and SMS Chinese medicine Lingzhi and San-Miao-San, MSCs mesenchymal stem cells, HBMSCs human bone mesenchymal stem cells, ASCs adipose stem cells, HUCBMSCs human umbilical cord blood derived mesenchymal stem cells, HUCMSCs human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, CTGF connective tissue growth factor, TGF-β transforming growth factor-β, PRP platelet-rich plasma, IL-1Ra interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor-1, Sox 9 SRY-related high mobility group-box 9, BMSC bone mesenchymal stem cell. It was created utilizing the templates on BioRender.com as a reference