Fig. 4

Undegraded p62-labeled autophagosomes induced by activated Drp1 are secreted via exosomes after CIRI and OGD/R. a TEM images showing autophagosome containing unhealthy mitochondria and membranous structure of suspected exosomes in the cerebral cortex after CIRI (bar = 200 nm). Blue arrow: autophagosome containing mitochondrial fragments. Black arrows: membranous structure of suspected exosomes. b Confocal images showing co-location of p62 and aggresomes in OGD/R-treated SH-SY5Y cells (bar = 10 μm). MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, was used as a positive control (n = 5/group). c GO enrichment analysis on CIRI model sequencing data from the GEO database (NCBI ID: PXD012151 and GSE23160). d TEM images showing monolayer structures of exosomes after CIRI and Mdivi-1 treatment (bar = 100 nm). e Western blotting analysis showing the effects of Mdivi-1 or Drp1 shRNA on the expression of CD63 and TSG101 after CIRI or OGD/R (n = 8/group). f NTA particle analysis of exosomes in the cerebral cortex after CIRI and Mdivi-1 treatment. NTA ordinate refers to the number of exosomes, and the NTA abscissa refers to the diameters of the exosomes. g NTA particle analysis of exosomes in OGD/R-treated SH-SY5Y cells after Drp1 shRNA. NTA ordinate refers to the number of exosomes, and NTA abscissa refers to the diameters of the exosomes. ^*P < 0.05 compared with normal group, ^#P < 0.05 compared with CIRI or OGD/R group. CIRI cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury, OGD/R oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation treatment, Scr. scramble-shRNA, TEM transmission electron microscope