Fig. 4

BPH regulates functional metabolism of the host by altering gut bacterial composition. a Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA cluster tree and abundance combination chart at family level: On the left is the result of the UPGMA clustering tree, and on the right is the histogram of species abundance). For samples under the same branch, the shorter the branch length between the samples, the more similar the two samples, and the higher the species composition similarity; the farther the distance, the greater the difference in species composition. b LDA diagram: Different colors represent groups of microorganisms that have significant effects in different groups. It mainly shows the significantly different species with LDA score > 2. The color of the histogram represents the respective group, and the length represents the LDA score, that is, the impact of significantly different species between different groups. c Species composition graph show species composition at each taxonomic level. Different colors indicate different groups. Nodes of different colors indicate the microbes that play an important role in the group represented by the color. From the inside to the outside, each circle is the species at the level of phylum, class, order, family, and genus. d Path difference diagram: The left side shows the relative abundance histogram of each group; the middle is the log₂ value of the relative abundance mean ratio of the same passage in the two groups; the right side is the P-value and FDR value obtained by the Wilcox test. If P < 0.05 and FDR < 0.05, the pathway is significantly different between the two groups. BPH: benign prostatic hyperplasia, LDA: linear discriminant analysis, FDR: false discovery rate