Fig. 5

UTMD-induced radiosensitization of glioblastoma cells by inhibiting autophagy. GL261 and U251 cells were pretreated with 3-MA (5 mmol/L), BafA1 (10 nmol/L) or RAPA (20 nmol/L) for 1 h and then cells were treated with or without UTMD (ultrasonic intensity of 1.2 W/cm² combined with 200 μl/ml MBs at a duty cycle of 10% for 60 s) followed by IR (2 Gy) exposure. a Cell viability was assessed with a CCK-8 detection kit. b Cell death was detected by PI staining followed by flow cytometry. GL261 and U251 cells were transfected with lentiviral vectors encoding ATG5 or ATG5 siRNA. Then, the cells were treated with or without UTMD (ultrasonic intensity of 1.2 W/cm² combined with 200 μl/ml MBs at a duty cycle of 10% for 60 s) followed by IR (2 Gy) exposure. c Cell viability was assessed with a CCK-8 detection kit. d Cell death was detected by PI staining followed by flow cytometry. Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). *P < 0.05 vs. the vehicle-treated control group; ^##P < 0.01 vs. IR group. IR ionizing radiation, UTMD ultrasound-triggered microbubble destruction, 3-MA 3-methyladenine, BafA1 bafilomycin A1, RAPA rapamycin, MBs microbubbles, CCK-8 cell counting kit-8, PI propidium iodide, SD standard deviation