Table 9 Summary of studies that focused on secondary amenorrhea, sex, plantar pressure assessment (of walking gait), range of tibial rotation, tibia length, and waist circumference as risk factors for MskIs
Study | Publication year | Country | Branches | Unit/training | Study type | n | Risk factor* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Secondary amenorrhea | |||||||
Canham-Chervak [52] | 2006 | USA | Army | Recruits | P | 746 F | No |
Kelly [80] | 2000 | USA | Navy | Recruits BCT | R | 86 F | No |
Knapik [81] | 2010 | USA | Air Force | Recruits BCT | P | 375 F | No |
Knapik [82] | 2013 | USA | Army | Army military police training | P | 553 F | Yes |
Knapik [87] | 2008 | USA | Army | Recruits BCT | P | 920 F | No |
Knapik [88] | 2009 | USA | Marines | Recruits BCT | P | 571 F | No |
Rauh [186] | 2006 | USA | Marines | P | 824 F | Yes | |
Shaffer [109] | 2006 | USA | Marines | Recruits BCT | R | 2962 F | Yes |
Sex (female) | |||||||
Allsopp [159] | 2003 | UK | Navy | Recruits | R | 1287 M, 354 F | Yes |
Anderson [71] | 2017 | USA | Army | Light Infantry | R | 4384 M, 363 F | No |
Bell [27] | 2000 | USA | Army | Recruits | P | 861 | No |
Billings [160] | 2004 | USA | Air Force | Recruits BCT | R | 2006 | Yes |
Blacker [161] | 2008 | UK | Army | Recruits | R | 11,937 M, 1480 F | Yes |
Bulathsinhala [49] | 2017 | USA | Army | Active duty | R | 1,299,332 | Yes |
Burne [170] | 2004 | Australia | Military Academy | P | 122 M, 25 F | Yes | |
Canham-Chervak [141] | 2000 | USA | Army | Recruits BCT | P | 655 M, 498 F | Yes |
Craig [40] | 2000 | USA | Army | Airborne Division | R | 242,949 aircraft exits | Yes |
Darakjy [8] | 2006 | USA | Army | Active duty | P | 4101 M, 413 F | Yes |
Fallowfield [77] | 2018 | UK | Air Force | Recruits | P | 990 M, 203 F | Yes |
Finestone [167] | 2008 | Israel | Army | Light infantry training | P | 36 M, 99 F | No |
Finestone [190] | 2014 | Israel | Army | Cadets | P | 78 M, 227 F | Yes |
Gam [191] | 2005 | Israel | n/a | Recruits | P | 375 M, 138 F | Yes |
Garnock [113] | 2018 | Australia | Navy | Recruits | P | 95 M, 39 F | Yes |
Gemmell [192] | 2002 | UK | Army | Recruits | R | 11,907 M, 1483 F | Yes |
George [114] | 2012 | USA | Army | Combat medics | P | 1230 | Yes |
Havenetidis [143] | 2011 | Greece | n/a | Recruits | P | 253 | Yes |
Hill [115] | 2013 | USA | Army | Active duty | R | 83,323 | No |
Itskoviz [32] | 2011 | Israel | Army | Recruits | R | n/a | Yes |
Knapik [81] | 2010 | USA | Air Force | Recruits BCT | P | 1042 M, 375 F | No |
Knapik [82] | 2013 | USA | Army | Army military police training | P | 1838 M, 553 F | Yes |
Knapik [83] | 2013 | USA | Army | Brigade Combat Team# | P | 805 | Yes (to be male) |
Knapik [84] | 2007 | USA | Army | Band | R | 159 M, 46 F | No |
Knapik [85] | 2001 | USA | Army | Recruits | P | 182 M, 168 F | Yes |
Knapik [46] | 2018 | USA | Army | Recruits BCT | R | 475,745 M, 107,906 F | Yes |
Kupferer [164] | 2014 | USA | Air Force | Trainees | R | 141 | Yes |
Mattila [37] | 2007 | Finland | n/a | Conscripts | R | 133,943 M, 2044 F | Yes |
Mattila [38] | 2007 | Finland | Army | Conscripts | P | 149,750 M, 2345 F | Yes |
Montain [45] | 2013 | USA | Army | Recruits BCT | R | 421,461 M, 90,141 F | Yes |
Nye [151] | 2016 | USA | Air Force | Recruits BCT | R | 67,525 | Yes |
Owens [128] | 2009 | USA | Army, Marines, Navy, Air Force | Active duty | R | 19,730 | Yes |
Roy [133] | 2012 | USA | Army | Brigade Combat Team# | P | 246 M, 17 F | Yes |
Scott [122] | 2015 | USA | Army | Reserve Officer Training | R | 165 M, 30 F | No |
Snedecor [193] | 2000 | USA | Air Force | Recruits | R | 8656 M, 5250 F | Yes |
Sormaala [39] | 2006 | Finland | n/a | Recruits | R | 118,149 | No |
Waterman [165] | 2010 | USA | Military Academy | R | 10,511 person years | Yes | |
Waterman [31] | 2016 | USA | Multiple | Active Duty | R | 5,580,875 | Yes |
Yates [176] | 2004 | UK | Navy | Recruits | P | 84 M, 40 F | Yes |
Plantar pressure assessment (of walking gait) | |||||||
Finestone [112] | 2011 | Israel | Army | Elite infantry soldier | P | 77 M | No (M) |
Mahieu [148] | 2006 | Belgium | n/a | Recruits Royal Military Academy | P | 69 M | Yes (M) |
Nunns [150] | 2016 | UK | Marines | Recruits | P | 160 M | No (M) |
Rice [120] | 2017 | UK | Marines | Recruits | P | 147 M | Yes$ (M) |
Sharma [103] | 2011 | UK | Army | Infantry recruits | P | 468 M | Yes (M) |
Range of tibial rotation during running (lower) | |||||||
Nunns [150] | 2016 | UK | Marines | Recruits | P | 160 M | Yes (M) |
Tibia length (shorter) | |||||||
Beck [140] | 2000 | USA | Marines | P | 624 M, 693 F | Yes | |
Finestone [112] | 2011 | Israel | Army | Elite infantry soldier | P | 77 M | Yes (M) |
Goss [194] | 2006 | USA | Military Academy | Cadets | R | 1100 | No## |
Moran [149] | 2013 | Israel | Army | Recruits | P | 44 | No |
Zhao [108] | 2016 | China | Army | Recruits | P | 1398 M | No (M)### |
Waist circumference (higher) | |||||||
Kupferer [164] | 2014 | USA | Air Force | Trainees | R | 141 | No |
Nye [151] | 2016 | USA | Air Force | Recruits BCT | R | 67,525 | No |
Taanila [123] | 2010 | Finland | n/a | Conscripts | P | 944 M | Yes (M) |
Taanila [59] | 2012 | Finland | Army | Conscripts | P | 982 M | No (M) |
Taanila [104] | 2015 | Finland | Army | Conscripts | P | 1411 M | Yes (M) |