Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in the military: a qualitative systematic review of the literature from the past two decades and a new prioritizing injury model

Sammito, Stefan; Hadzic, Vedran; Karakolis, Thomas; Kelly, Karen R.; Proctor, Susan P.; Stepens, Ainars; White, Graham; Zimmermann, Wes O.

doi:10.1186/s40779-021-00357-w

Military Medical Research

Table 6 Summary of studies that focused on body fat, body height, and body weight as risk factors for MskIs

From: Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in the military: a qualitative systematic review of the literature from the past two decades and a new prioritizing injury model

Study	Publication year	Country	Branches	Unit/training	Study type	n	Risk factor^*
Body fat (higher)
Anderson [71]	2017	USA	Army	Light Infantry	R	4384 M, 363 F	Yes
Havenetidis [162]	2017	Greece	Army	Officer recruits	P	268 M	Yes (M)
Havenetidis [143]	2011	Greece	n/a	Recruits	P	253	Yes
Knapik [46]	2018	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	R	475,745 M, 107,906 F	Yes
Kodesh [163]	2015	Israel	n/a	Combat Fitness Instructor Course	P	158 F	Yes (F)
Krauss [168]	2017	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	R	1900 F	Yes (F)
Moran [149]	2013	Israel	Army	Recruits	P	44	No
Sobhani [155]	2015	Iran	n/a	Recruits	R	181 M	No (M)
Body height (higher)
Beck [140]	2000	USA	Marines		P	624 M, 693 F	Yes (M), no (F)
Blacker [161]	2008	UK	Army	Recruits	R	11,937 M, 1480 F	No
Cosio-Lima [54]	2013	USA	Army	Sergeants Major Academy	R	149	No
Davey [76]	2015	UK	Marines		P	1090 M	No (M)
Fallowfield [77]	2018	UK	Air Force	Recruits	P	990 M, 203 F	Yes
Finestone [112]	2011	Israel	Army	Elite infantry soldier	P	77 M	No (M)
Givon [61]	2000	Israel	n/a		P	2306 M	No (M)
Kelly [80]	2000	USA	Navy	Recruits BCT	R	86 F	Yes (F)
Knapik [47]	2012	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	R	475,745 M, 107,906 F	Yes
Knapik [145]	2006	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	P	1174 M, 898 F	No
Knapik [146]	2007	USA	Army	Mechanics	R	518 M, 43 F	No
Knapik [84]	2007	USA	Army	Band	R	159 M, 46 F	No
Knapik [86]	2008	USA	Army	Paratrooper training	R	1677	No
Knapik [87]	2008	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	P	2147 M, 920 F	No
Knapik [88]	2009	USA	Marines	Recruits BCT	P	840 M, 571 F	No
Kodesh [163]	2015	Israel	n/a	Combat Fitness Instructor Course	P	158 F	No
Korvala [89]	2010	Finland	n/a	Conscripts	P	192	Yes
Kuikka [36]	2013	Finland	Army	Conscripts	R	128,584	No
Lappe [56]	2001	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	P	3758 F	No (F)
Ma [147]	2016	China	n/a		R	2479	No
Mahieu [148]	2006	Belgium	n/a	Recruits Royal Military Academy	P	69 M	No (M)
Mattila [38]	2007	Finland	Army	Conscripts	P	149,750 M, 2345 F	No
Monnier [119]	2019	Sweden	Marines	Training course	P	48 M, 5 F	Yes
Moran [149]	2013	Israel	Army	Recruits	P	44	No
Moran [63]	2012	Israel	Army	Elite combat unit BCT	P	74	No
Moran [125]	2008	Israel	Army	Recruits	P	227 F	Yes (F)
Munnoch [91]	2007	UK	Marines		P	1115 M	No (M)
Nunns [150]	2016	UK	Marines	Recruits	P	160 M	No (M)
Parr [153]	2015	USA	Army	Special Operations Forces	P	106	No
Reynolds [96]	2009	USA	Army	Infantry	P	181	No
Reynolds [97]	2002	USA	Army	Construction engineers & Combat artillery soldiers	P	313	Yes (to be shorter)
Reynolds [98]	2000	USA	Marines	Winter mountain training	P	356	No
Ruohola [100]	2006	Finland	n/a	Recruits	P	756 M	No (M)
Shaffer [109]	2006	USA	Marines	Recruits BCT	R	2962 F	No (F)
Sharma [102]	2019	UK	Army	Infantry recruits	P	562 M	No (M)
Sharma [103]	2011	UK	Army	Infantry recruits	P	468 M	No (M)
Sillanpää [51]	2008	Finland	n/a	Conscripts	R	128,508 M	Yes (M)
Sobhani [155]	2015	Iran	n/a	Recruits	R	181 M	No (M)
Sormaala [39]	2006	Finland	n/a	Recruits	R	118,149	No
Sulsky [42]	2018	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	R	278,045 M, 55,302 F	Yes
Taanila [59]	2012	Finland	Army	Conscripts	P	982 M	No (M)
Trybulec [156]	2016	Poland	Army	Airborne Brigade	R	162 M, 3 F	No
Wang [106]	2003	China	n/a	Military Police Forces Training	R	805 M	No (M)
Waterman [165]	2010	USA	Military Academy		R	10,511 person years	Yes
Wilkinson [60]	2009	UK	Army	Infantry	P	660	No
Zhao [108]	2016	China	Army	Recruits	P	1398 M	No (M)
Body weight (higher)
Beck [140]	2000	USA	Marines		P	624 M, 693 F	Yes (M), no (F)
Blacker [161]	2008	UK	Army	Recruits	R	11,937 M, 1480 F	No
Davey [76]	2015	UK	Marines		P	1090 M	No (M)
Davey [127]	2016	UK	Marines		P	1082 M	No (M)
Finestone [112]	2011	Israel	Army	Elite infantry soldier	P	77 M	No (M)
Givon [61]	2000	Israel	n/a		P	2306 M	Yes (M)
Havenetidis [162]	2017	Greece	Army	Officer recruits	P	268 M	Yes (M)
Hughes [169]	2008	Australia	Special Operation Forces	Active duty	R	554 descents	Yes
Kelly [80]	2000	USA	Navy	Recruits BCT	R	86 F	Yes (F)
Knapik [47]	2012	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	R	475,745 M, 107,906 F	Yes (invers)
Knapik [145]	2006	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	P	1174 M, 898 F	No
Knapik [146]	2007	USA	Army	Mechanics	R	518 M, 43 F	Yes
Knapik [84]	2007	USA	Army	Band	R	159 M, 46 F	No
Knapik [86]	2008	USA	Army	Paratrooper training	R	1677	Yes
Knapik [87]	2008	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	P	2147 M, 920 F	No
Knapik [88]	2009	USA	Marines	Recruits BCT	P	840 M, 571 F	No (M), yes (F)
Kodesh [163]	2015	Israel	n/a	Combat Fitness Instructor Course	P	158 F	No (F)
Korvala [89]	2010	Finland	n/a	Conscripts	P	192	Yes
Lappe [56]	2001	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	P	3758 F	Yes (F)
Ma [147]	2016	China	n/a		R	2479	No
Mahieu [148]	2006	Belgium	n/a	Recruits Royal Military Academy	P	69 M	No (M)
Moran [149]	2013	Israel	Army	Recruits	P	44	No
Moran [63]	2012	Israel	Army	Elite combat unit BCT	P	74	No
Monnier [119]	2019	Sweden	Marines	Training course	P	48 M, 5 F	No
Munnoch [91]	2007	UK	Marines		P	1115 M	No (M)
Nunns [150]	2016	UK	Marines	Recruits	P	160 M	No (M)
Parr [153]	2015	USA	Army	Special Operations Forces	P	106	No
Reynolds [96]	2009	USA	Army	Infantry	P	181	No
Reynolds [97]	2002	USA	Army	Construction engineers & Combat artillery soldiers	P	313	Yes
Reynolds [98]	2000	USA	Marines	Winter mountain training	P	356	No
Rice [120]	2017	UK	Marines	Recruits	P	147 M	Yes (M) (invers)
Robinson [57]	2016	UK	Army	Recruits	P	1810	Yes
Ruohola [100]	2006	Finland	n/a	Recruits	P	756 M	No (M)
Sanchez-Santos [65]	2017	UK	Marines	Recruits	P	1082 M	Yes (M) (invers)
Schermann [129]	2018	Israel	Army	Infantry unit vs. female unit working with dogs	R	7949	Yes
Shaffer [109]	2006	USA	Marines	Recruits BCT	R	2962 F	No (F)
Sharma [102]	2019	UK	Army	Infantry recruits	P	562 M	No (M)
Sharma [103]	2011	UK	Army	Infantry recruits	P	468 M	No (M)
Sillanpää [51]	2008	Finland	n/a	Conscripts	R	128,508 M	Yes (M)
Sobhani [155]	2015	Iran	n/a	Recruits	R	181 M	No (M)
Sormaala [39]	2006	Finland	n/a	Recruits	R	118,149	No
Trybulec [156]	2016	Poland	Army	Airborne Brigade	R	162 M, 3 F	No
Waterman [165]	2010	USA	Military Academy		R	10,511 person years	Yes
Wilkinson [60]	2009	UK	Army	Infantry	P	660	No
Zhao [108]	2016	China	Army	Recruits	P	1398 M	No (M)

BCT basis combat training; n/a not available; R retrospective study; P prospective study; M male; F female; (M) risk factor only for males; (F) risk factor only for females
*Risk factor for musculoskeletal injuries (MSkI)

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