Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in the military: a qualitative systematic review of the literature from the past two decades and a new prioritizing injury model

Sammito, Stefan; Hadzic, Vedran; Karakolis, Thomas; Kelly, Karen R.; Proctor, Susan P.; Stepens, Ainars; White, Graham; Zimmermann, Wes O.

doi:10.1186/s40779-021-00357-w

Military Medical Research

Table 4 Summary of studies that focused on age, ankle dorsiflexion, and balance as risk factors for MskI

From: Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in the military: a qualitative systematic review of the literature from the past two decades and a new prioritizing injury model

Study	Publication year	Country	Branches	Unit/training	Study type	n	Risk factor^*
Age
Anderson [70]	2015	USA	Army	Light Infantry Brigade	R	2101	Yes
Anderson [71]	2017	USA	Army	Light Infantry	R	4384 M, 363 F	Yes
Beck [140]	2000	USA	Marines		P	624 M, 693 F	No
Bedno [72]	2013	USA	Army	IET	P	8456 M	Yes (M)
Cameron [44]	2010	USA	Multiple	Active duty	R	423,581	Yes
Canham-Chervak [141]	2000	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	P	655 M, 498 F	No
Canham-Chervak [52]	2006	USA	Army	Recruits	P	1156 M, 746 F	No
Cosio-Lima [54]	2013	USA	Army	Sergeants Major Academy	R	149	No
Cowan [74]	2012	USA	Army	Trainees	P	1568 F	No (F)
Cowan [75]	2011	USA	Army	Recruits	P	7323	Yes
Craig [40]	2000	USA	Army	Airborne Division	R	242,949 aircraft exists	Yes (30 years +)
Davey [76]	2015	UK	Marines		P	1090 M	No (M)
Dixon [142]	2019	UK	Marines	Recruits	P	1065	Yes (younger)
Grier [78]	2017	USA	Army	Infantry Brigade	R	4236 M	Yes (M)
Grier [79]	2010	USA	Multiple		R	24,177 M	Yes (M)
Havenetidis [143]	2011	Greece	n/a	Recruits	P	253	Yes
Henderson [144]	2000	USA	Army	Combat medic	P	439 M, 287 F	Yes
Hill [115]	2013	USA	Army	Active duty	R	83,323	Yes
Knapik [47]	2012	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	R	475,745 M, 107,906 F	Yes
Knapik [145]	2006	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	P	1174 M, 898 F	Yes
Knapik [82]	2013	USA	Army	Army military police training	P	1838 M, 553 F	Yes
Knapik [146]	2007	USA	Army	Mechanics	R	518 M, 43 F	No
Knapik [84]	2007	USA	Army	Band	R	159 M, 46 F	No
Knapik [85]	2001	USA	Army	Recruits	P	182 M, 168 F	No
Knapik [86]	2008	USA	Army	Paratrooper training	R	1677	Yes
Knapik [87]	2008	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	P	2147 M, 920 F	Yes
Knapik [88]	2009	USA	Marines	Recruits BCT	P	840 M, 571 F	No
Korvala [89]	2010	Finland	n/a	Conscripts	P	192	Yes
Kuikka [36]	2013	Finland	Army	Conscripts	R	128,584	Yes
Lappe [55]	2005	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	R	4139 F	Yes (F)
Lappe [56]	2001	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	P	3758 F	Yes (F)
Lauder [90]	2000	USA	Army	Active duty	P	230 F	No (F)
Ma [147]	2016	China	n/a		R	2479	No
Mahieu [148]	2006	Belgium	n/a	Recruits Royal Military Academy	P	69 M	No (M)
Mattila [38]	2007	Finland	Army	Conscripts	P	149,750 M, 2345 F	Yes
Moran [149]	2013	Israel	Army	Recruits	P	44	No
Munnoch [91]	2007	UK	Marines		P	1115 M	Yes (M)
Nunns [150]	2016	UK	Marines	Recruits	P	160 M	No (M)
Nye [151]	2016	USA	Air Force	Recruits BCT	R	67,525	Yes
Owens [152]	2007	USA	n/a	Active duty	R	4451	Yes
Owens [128]	2009	USA	Army, Marines, Navy, Air Force	Active duty	R	19,730	Yes
Parr [153]	2015	USA	Army	Special Operations Forces	P	106	No
Pihlajamäki [93]	2019	Finland	n/a	Full duty	R	4029 M	No (M)
Rabin [154]	2014	Israel	Army	Recruits	P	70 M	No (M)
Reynolds [96]	2009	USA	Army	Infantry	P	181	No
Reynolds [97]	2002	USA	Army	Construction engineers & Combat artillery soldiers	P	313	No
Roos [99]	2015	Switzerland	Army	Recruits	P	651 M	No (M)
Roy [133]	2012	USA	Army	Brigade Combat Team^#	P	246 M, 17 F	No
Roy [121]	2014	USA	Army	Active duty	R	625 F	Yes (F)
Ruohola [100]	2006	Finland	n/a	Recruits	P	756 M	No (M)
Sanchez-Santos [65]	2017	UK	Marines	Recruits	P	1082 M	Yes (M)
Schneider [58]	2000	USA	Army	Airborne Div	R	1214	Yes
Sefton [137]	2016	USA	Army	Recruits IET	P	1788 M	Yes (M)
Shaffer [109]	2006	USA	Marines	Recruits BCT	R	2962 F	No (F)
Sharma [102]	2019	UK	Army	Infantry recruits	P	562 M	No (M)
Sharma [103]	2011	UK	Army	Infantry recruits	P	468 M	No (M)
Skeehan [139]	2009	USA	Army, Marine, Navy	Active duty^#	R	3367	No
Sobhani [155]	2015	Iran	n/a	Recruits	R	181 M	No (M)
Sormaala [39]	2006	Finland	n/a	Recruits	R	118,149	No
Taanila [59]	2012	Finland	Army	Conscripts	P	982 M	Yes (M)
Trybulec [156]	2016	Poland	Army	Airborne Brigade	R	162 M, 3 F	Yes
Wang [106]	2003	China	n/a	Military Police Forces Training	R	805 M	No (M)
Waterman [31]	2016	USA	Multiple	Active Duty	R	5,580,875	Yes
Wilkinson [60]	2009	UK	Army	Infantry	P	660	Yes
Zhao [108]	2016	China	Army	Recruits	P	1398 M	No (M)
Ankle dorsiflexion (limited)
Dixon [30]	2006	UK	Marines	Recruits	R	20	No
Rabin [154]	2014	Israel	Army	Recruits	P	70 M	No (M)
Balance (low)
Heebner [157]	2017	USA	Army	Special Operation Forces	P	95	No
Sell [158]	2014	USA	Special Operation Forces		P	226	Yes

BCT basis combat training; IET initial entry training; n/a not available; R retrospective study; P prospective study; M male; F female; (M) risk factor only for males; (F) risk factor only for females
*Risk factor for musculoskeletal injuries (MSkI); ^#Deployment

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ISSN: 2054-9369

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