Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in the military: a qualitative systematic review of the literature from the past two decades and a new prioritizing injury model

Sammito, Stefan; Hadzic, Vedran; Karakolis, Thomas; Kelly, Karen R.; Proctor, Susan P.; Stepens, Ainars; White, Graham; Zimmermann, Wes O.

doi:10.1186/s40779-021-00357-w

Military Medical Research

Table 1 Summary of studies that focused on alcohol intake, calcium intake, milk consumption, vegetable consumption, vegetarian diet, sleep time, and smoking as risk factors for MskIs

From: Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in the military: a qualitative systematic review of the literature from the past two decades and a new prioritizing injury model

Study	Publication year	Country	Branches	Unit/training	Study type	n	Risk factor^*
Alcohol intake
Canham-Chervak [52]	2006	USA	Army	Recruits	P	1156 M, 746 F	No
Chatzipapas [53]	2008	Greece	n/a	Active duty	R	64	No
Cosio-Lima [54]	2013	USA	Army	Sergeants Major Academy	R	149	No
Lappe [55]	2005	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	R	4139 F	Yes (F)
Lappe [56]	2001	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	P	3758 F	Yes (F)
Robinson [57]	2016	UK	Army	Recruits	P	1810	No
Schneider [58]	2000	USA	Army	Airborne Div	R	1214	Yes
Taanila [59]	2012	Finland	Army	Conscripts	P	982 M	No (M)
Wilkinson [60]	2009	UK	Army	Infantry	P	660	No
Calcium intake (low)
Chatzipapas [53]	2008	Greece	n/a	Active duty	R	64	No
Givon [61]	2000	Israel	n/a		P	2306 M	No (M)
Moran [62]	2012	Israel	Army	Recruits of elite combat unit	P	116	No
Moran [63]	2012	Israel	Army	Elite combat unit BCT	P	74	Yes
Milk consumption (low)
Cosman [64]	2013	USA	Army	Military Academy	P	755 M, 136 F	No
Moran [62]	2012	Israel	Army	Recruits of elite combat unit	P	116	No
Sanchez-Santos [65	2017	UK	Marines	Recruits	P	1082 M	Yes (M)
Vegetables consumption
Robinson [57]	2016	UK	Army	Recruits	P	1810	No
Sanchez-Santos [65]	2017	UK	Marines	Recruits	P	1082 M	No (M)
Vegetarian diet
Dash [66]	2012	India	Army	Recruits	P	8570	Yes
Sleep time (reduced)
Kovcan [67]	2019	Slovenia	Army	Infantry, active duty	R	118 M, 11 F	No
Wyss [68]	2014	Switzerland	Army	Recruits BCT	P	1676	Yes
Smoking
Altarac [69]	2000	USA	Army	Recruits	P	187 M, 915 F	Yes
Anderson [70]	2015	USA	Army	Light Infantry Brigade	R	2101	Yes
Anderson [71]	2017	USA	Army	Light Infantry	R	4384 M, 363 F	No
Bedno [72]	2013	USA	Army	IET	P	8456 M	Yes
Bedno [35]	2019	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	R	238,772	Yes
Brooks [73]	2019	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	R	1460 M, 540 F	Yes
Canham-Chervak [52]	2006	USA	Army	Recruits	P	1156 M, 746 F	Yes
Chatzipapas [53]	2008	Greece	n/a	Active duty	R	64	No
Cosio-Lima [54]	2013	USA	Army	Sergeants Major Academy	R	149	No
Cosman [64]	2013	USA	Army	Military Academy	P	755 M, 136 F	Yes
Cowan [74]	2012	USA	Army	Trainees	P	1568 F	No
Cowan [75]	2011	USA	Army	Recruits	P	7323	Yes
Davey [76]	2015	UK	Marines		P	1090 M	Yes
Fallowfield [77]	2018	UK	Air Force	Recruits	P	990 M, 203 F	Yes
Givon [61]	2000	Israel	n/a		P	2306 M	Yes (less)
Grier [78]	2017	USA	Army	Infantry brigades	R	4236 M	No
Grier [79]	2010	USA	Multiple		R	24,177 M	Yes
Kelly [80]	2000	USA	Navy	Recruits BCT	R	86 F	No
Knapik [81]	2010	USA	Air Force	Recruits BCT	P	1042 M, 375 F	Yes
Knapik [82]	2013	USA	Army	Army military police training	P	1838 M, 553 F	Yes^##
Knapik [83]	2013	USA	Army	Brigade Combat Team^#	P	805	No
Knapik [84]	2007	USA	Army	Band	R	159 M, 46 F	No
Knapik [85]	2001	USA	Army	Recruits	P	182 M, 168 F	Yes
Knapik [86]	2008	USA	Army	Paratrooper training	R	1677	No
Knapik [87]	2008	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	P	2147 M, 920 F	Yes
Knapik [88]	2009	USA	Marines	Recruits BCT	P	840 M, 571 F	Yes (M), No (F)
Korvala [89]	2010	Finland	n/a	Conscripts	P	192	No
Lappe [55]	2005	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	R	4139 F	Yes
Kovcan [67]	2019	Slovenia	Army	Infantry, active duty	R	118 M, 11 F	Yes
Lappe [56]	2001	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	P	3758 F	Yes
Lauder [90]	2000	USA	Army	Active duty	P	230 F	No (F)
Munnoch [91]	2007	UK	Marines		P	1115 M	Yes
Nagai [92]	2017	USA	Army	Airborne Div	P	275	Yes
Pihlajamäki [93]	2019	Finland	n/a		R	4029 M	No
Psaila [94]	2017	Malta	n/a	Recruits BCT	P	114 M, 13 F	No
Rappole [95]	2017	USA	Army	Army Brigade	R	1099	Yes
Reynolds [96]	2009	USA	Army	Infantry	P	181	Yes
Reynolds [97]	2002	USA	Army	Construction engineers & Combat artillery soldiers	P	313	No
Reynolds [98]	2000	USA	Marines	Winter mountain training	P	356	Yes
Robinson [57]	2016	UK	Army	Recruits	P	1810	No
Roos [99]	2015	Switzerland	Army	Recruits	P	651 M	Yes
Ruohola [100]	2006	Finland	n/a	Recruits	P	756 M	No
Sanchez-Santos [65]	2017	UK	Marines	Recruits	P	1082 M	No
Scheinowitz [101]	2017	Israel	Army	Recruits	P	350 F	No
Schneider [58]	2000	USA	Army	Airborne Div	R	1214	No
Sharma [102]	2019	UK	Army	Infantry recruits	P	562 M	Yes
Sharma [103]	2011	UK	Army	Infantry recruits	P	468 M	Yes
Taanila [59]	2012	Finland	Army	Conscripts	P	982 M	No (M)
Taanila [104]	2015	Finland	Army	Conscripts	P	1411 M	Yes
Trone [105]	2014	USA	Marine Corp Air Force Army	Recruits BCT	R	900 M, 597 F	Yes
Wang [106]	2003	China	n/a	Military Police Forces Training	R	805 M	No
Wilkinson [60]	2009	UK	Army	Infantry	P	660	No
Wunderlin [107]	2015	Switzerland	Army	Recruits	P	230 M	Yes
Zhao [108]	2016	China	Army	Recruits	P	1398 M	No

BCT basis combat training; n/a Not available; R retrospective study; P prospective study; M male; F female; (M) risk factor only for males; (F) risk factor only for females
*Risk factor for musculoskeletal injuries (MSkI); ^#Deployment; ^##Former smoking

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ISSN: 2054-9369

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