Table 1 Regulation of immune checkpoint proteins carried by TEXs in tumor immunity

PC3, prostate cancer cell lines

PD-L1

Jurkat T cells

Suppress Jurkat T cells activation

[51]

TRAMP-C2, human prostate cancer-like cells

PD-L1

CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cells

Suppress CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells activation

[51]

Glioblastoma cells

PD-L1

CD4⁺ T cells, CD8⁺ T cells

Suppress T cell activation and proliferation

[56]

ESCC cells

PD-L1

B cells, Breg cells

Inhibit the proliferation of B cells; induce an increase in B10 and PD-1^high Breg cells; activate TLR4 and MAPK signaling pathways

[54]

Breast cancer cells

PD-L1

CTLs

Promote tumor growth

[55]

HNSCC cells

PD-L1

CD8⁺ T cells

Suppress T cell activation

[52]

Metastatic melanoma cells

PD-L1

CD8⁺ T cells

Suppress the function of CD8⁺ T cells; facilitate tumor growth

[57]

MEL624 cells, human melanoma cell lines

PD-L1

CD8⁺ T cells

Inhibit the proliferation, cytokine production and cytotoxicity of CD8⁺ T cells; reduce expression of Ki-67 and GzmB, inhibit the production of IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α

[57]

B16-F10 cells, mouse melanoma cell lines

PD-L1

CD8⁺ T cells

Inhibit the proliferation and cytotoxicity of mouse splenic CD8⁺ T cells

[57]

Glioblastoma cells

CTLA-4

CD4⁺ T cells, CD8⁺ T cells, NK cells, macrophages

Inhibit the immune cell function

[48]

NSCLC cells

TIM-3

–

Positively correlate with larger tumor size, advanced stages and more distant metastasis

[49]

Epithelial OvCa cells

ARG1

CD4⁺ T cells, CD8⁺ T cells

Inhibit the proliferation of antigen-specific T cells; accelerate tumor progression

[43]

ID8-ARG1-V5 cells

ARG1

BMDCs

Inhibit CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cells proliferation

[43]

Prostate cancer cells

EBAG9

CTLs

Inhibit the cytotoxicity of T cells; negatively regulate tumor surveillance in host cells

[39]