Table 3 Detection of microorganisms in unaccompanied minor refugees (UMRs) by area of origin as well as by colonization, infestation and infection with multiple agents in UMRs by area of origin

UMRs from the assessed regions

n = 92

n = 48

n = 20

n = 24

n = 14

n = 8

n = 12

n = 218^a,b

Diarrhoea-associated E. coli or Shigella spp. (PCR)

7/80 (8.8%)

(EPEC = 4

EIEC/Shigella spp. = 1

EAEC = 2)

5/20 (25%)

(EPEC = 5)

4/14 (28.6%)

(EPEC = 2

EIEC/Shigella spp. = 1

EAEC = 1)

0/14 (0%)

2/10 (20%)

(EPEC =1

EAEC = 1)

0/8 (0%)

1/9 (11.1%)

(EAEC = 1)

19/155^b (12.3%)

Other enteroinvasive bacteria (PCR)

0/78 (0%)

0/20 (0%)

1/14 (7.1%)

(Campylobacter jejuni)

0/14 (0%)

0/10 (0%)

0/7 (0%)

0/8 (0%)

1/151^b (0.7%)

G. duodenalis (microscopy and PCR)

12/82 (14.6%)

1/30 (3.3%)

3/16 (18.8%)

1/21 (4.8%)

0/9 (0%)

1/7 (14.3%)

2/10 (20%)

20/175^b (11.4%)

Schistosoma spp. (microscopy and PCR)

1/81 (1.2%)

0/29 (0%)

9/16 (56.3%)

1/21 (4.8%)

0/9 (0%)

0/7 (0%)

2/10 (20%)

13/173^b (7.5%)

Other helminths (microscopy and PCR)

3/81 (3.7%) (Hymenolepis nana = 2, Strongyloides stercoralis = 1)

0/29 (0%)

1/16 (6.3%) (Strongyloides stercoralis = 1)

1/21 (4.8%) (Hymenolepis nana = 1)

0/10 (0%)

0/7 (0%)

0/10 (0%)

5/174^b (2.9%)

Blastocystis hominis (microscopy)

38/74 (51.4%)

12/27 (44.4%)

12/16 (75%)

9/19 (47.4%)

0/6 (0%)

1/7 (14.3%)

5/11 (45.5%)

77/160^b (48.1%)

Dientamoeba fragilis (microscopy)

4/74 (5.4%)

2/27 (7.4%)

1/16 (6.3%)

0/19 (0%)

0/6 (0%)

1/7 (14.3%)

1/11 (9.1%)

9/160^b (5.6%)

Endolimax nana (microscopy)

3/74 (4.1%)

1/27 (3.7%)

2/16 (12.5%)

2/19 (10.5%)

0/6 (0%)

0/7 (0%)

0/11 (0%)

8/160 ^b (5%)

Entamoeba coli (microscopy)

4/74 (5.4%)

11/27 (40.7%)

2/16 (12.5%)

1/19 (5.3%)

0/6 (0%)

0/7 (0%)

1/11 (9.1%)

19/160^b (11.9%)

Entamoeba hartmanni (microscopy)

0/74 (0%)

2/27 (7.4%)

0/16 (0%)

2/19 (10.5%)

0/6 (0%)

0/7 (0%)

1/11 (9.1%)

5/160^b (3.1%)

Entamoeba spp. trophozoites / vegetative forms other than E. histolytica (microscopy)

5/74 (6.8%)

0/27 (0%)

0/16 (0%)

1/19 (5.3%)

0/6 (0%)

0/7 (0%)

1/11 (9.1%)

7/160^b (4.4%)

One microorganism detected

30/92 (32.6%)

10/48 (20.8%)

1/20 (5%)

10/24 (41.7%)

3/14 (21.4%)

3/8 (37.5%)

1/12 (8.3%)

58/218^b (26.6%)

Two microorganisms detected

15/92 (16.3%)

6/48 (12.5%)

4/20 (20%)

1/24 (4.2%)

0/14 (0%)

0/8 (0%)

4/12 (33.3%)

30/218^b (13.8%)

Three microorganisms detected

4/92 (4.3%)

0/48 (0%)

4/20 (20%)

2/24 (8.3%)

0/14 (0%)

0/8 (0%)

1/12 (8.3%)

11/218^b (5.0%)

Four microorganisms detected

4/92 (4.3%)

0/48 (0%)

3/20 (15%)

0/24 (0%)

0/14 (0%)

0/8 (0%)

0/12 (0%)

7/218^b (3.2%)

Five microorganisms detected

0/92 (0%)

0/48 (0%)

1/20 (5%)

0/24 (0%)

0/14 (0%)

0/8 (0%)

0/12 (0%)

1/218^b (0.5%)

Six microorganisms detected

0/92 (0%)

0/48 (0%)

0/20 (0%)

0/24 (0%)

0/14 (0%)

0/8 (0%)

1/12 (8.3%)

1/218^b (0.5%)