Fig. 2

Liposome-associated immune checkpoint inhibition. a Illustration of multipurpose liposome delivery. b Anti-PD-1 modified liposome’s binding affinity to CD8⁺ T cells. Statistical analysis was performed by un-paired two-tail Student’s t-test, differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. c The increased tumor infiltrated CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in treatment with liposomal delivery associated ICB{BM@BL: blank micelle (BM) loaded hybrid liposome; BM@TL: BM/thioridazine (THZ)-loaded hybrid liposome; Taxol: commercial injection of paclitaxel (PTX); PM: PTX loaded poleyethylene glycol-block-poly[(1,4-butanediol)-diacrylate-β-N,N-diisopropylethylenediamine] (PDB) micelle; PM@BL: PM loaded hybrid liposome; PM + THZ + HY: PM together with free THZ and free PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor HY19991 (HY); PM@TL: PM/THZ-loaded hybrid liposome; PM@THL: PM/THX/HY-loaded hybrid liposome. 4 mg/kg PTX, 16 mg/kg THZ, 4 mg/kg HY}. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and corrected by Bonferroni test for multiple comparison. d Growth curves of CT26 tumor inoculated subcutaneously in BALB/c mice and intravenously injected with PBS (Group 1, control, black dots), free DOX (Group 2, 2 mg/kg, red dots), anti-PD1 mAb (Group 3, 2.5 mg/kg, blue diamonds), mLTSL (DOX) (Group 4, DOX: 2 mg/kg, Fe: 3 mg/kg, light green triangles), mLTSL (DOX) + anti-PD1-LTSL (Group 5, DOX: 2 mg/kg, Fe: 3 mg/kg, anti-PD1 mAb: 2.5 mg/kg, dark green triangles), LTSL (DOX) (Group 6, DOX: 2 mg/kg, grey squares), and LTSL (DOX) + anti-PD1-LTSL (Group 7, DOX: 2 mg/kg, anti-PD1 mAb: 2.5 mg/kg, purple squares). Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001, ^****P < 0.0001. a was created with BioRender.com. b and d are adapted from ref. [75], published by Elsevier. c is adapted from ref. [90], published by Wiley. PEG polyethylene glycol, ICBs immune checkpoint blockades, IFN interferon, TNF tumor necrosis factor, LTSL low temperature-sensitive liposomes, anti-PD-1 anti-programmed cell death protein 1