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Fig. 4 | Military Medical Research

Fig. 4

From: Elimination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on titanium implants via photothermally-triggered nitric oxide and immunotherapy for enhanced osseointegration

Fig. 4

Effects of Ti or functionalized Ti substrate on macrophage phenotype reprogramming and anti-inflammation capacity in vitro. a Cytoskeleton staining of RAW 264.7 cells on Ti or functionalized Ti substrate after culturing for 24 h, Hoechst 33258 (blue) and Actin (red). Scale bar = 50 μm. White dotted circles represent the pseudopodium. b Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of RAW264.7 cells on Ti or functionalized Ti substrate after culturing for 24 h. Scale bar = 5 μm. c Cell viability of RAW264.7 cells on various samples after cultured for 1, 3, and 5 d. d mRNA expression of M1 marker genes CD86, iNOS and CD11C and M2 marker genes CD206, Arg-1 and CD163 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. e mRNA expression of Runx2, BMP2, VEGF and TGF-β genes in RAW264.7 cells. f mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory genes IL-1β and TNF-α and anti-inflammatory genes IL-1ra and IL-10 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01; Ti titanium, PDA polydopamine nanoparticles, SNP sodium nitroprusside, OGP osteogenic growth peptide, CD86 cluster of differentiation 86, iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase, CD11C cluster of differentiation 11C, CD206 cluster of differentiation 206, Arg-1 arginase-1, CD163 cluster of differentiation 163, Runx2 runt-related transcription factor 2, BMP2 bone morphogenetic protein 2, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, TGF-β transforming growth factor-β, IL-1β interleukin-1β, TNF‑α tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1ra interleukin-1ra, IL-10 interleukin-10

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