Table 2 Source of exosomes, biofunctionality and biomedical applications

B cells

Immunomodulatory properties

[102]

Stimulation of T-cells activation

[102]

T cells

Innate immune response modulation

[68,69,70]

Tumor inhibition

[68,69,70]

Macrophages

Mediators in tumor progression, angiogenesis and metastasis formation

[71, 72]

Inflammation targeting

[73]

Cancer targeting

[67, 74]

MSCs

Tissue regeneration and tissue engineering

[103,104,105,106,107]

Immunomodulatory properties

[108,109,110]

 MSCs—adipose tissue

Immunomodulatory properties

[75]

Reconstructive medicine and tissue engineering

[76, 77]

Wound-healing

[85]

Neurodegenerative disease remission

[111]

Atherosclerosis management

[112]

 MSCs—bone marrow

Cancer and metastasis targeting

[78]

Tissue regeneration

[79, 80]

Osteoarthritis reversal

[81]

 MSCs—umbilical cord

Chondrogenic effect

[82]

Tissue repair

[83]

 MSCs—human placenta

Tissue restauration after acute ischemic stroke

[84]

Tumor cells

Targeting to tumor cells

[93]

Immunomodulatory activities

[94]

Mediators in tumor progression, angiogenesis and metastasis formation

[95,96,97,98]

Natural source of tumor-specific antigens

[99,100,101]

Endothelial cells

Cardioprotective effects

[113]

Endothelial dysfunction reversal

[114]

Neural stem cells

Neuroprotective effects

[115]

Cancer cells growth inhibition

[116]