Modification | Biomaterials | Properties | Methods | Principles | Applications | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Electroactive design | Collagen/chitosan | Conductivity | Loading with conductive substances or modification of electroactive functional groups | Electronic vacancy/movement, ionizable groups | Cardiac/skin/nerve/muscle tissue engineering, diagnosis | |
Collagen/PVDF/M13-bacteriophage | Piezoelectric | Loading with piezoelectric materials | Ordered nature of nano- or liquid-crystalline in biomaterials | Biosensing monitoring, health monitoring, dentistry, cardiac/skin tissue engineering | ||
Cellulose/silk | Triboelectric | Loading with triboelectric materials | Charges generated by friction | Human–machine interactions, health monitoring, peripheral nerve restoration, smart wearables | ||
Biomechanics design | Cellulose/collagen/alginate | Mechanical enhancement | Bionic structuring, multiple networks, doped nanomaterials | Nano enhancement, improving cross-linking density | Cartilage/bone/muscle tissue engineering | |
HA/collagen/alginate | Viscoelasticity | Chemical modification, mimics ECM dynamic mechanics | Abundant dynamic covalent bonds | Cell niche, mediating cell behavior, ophthalmology, drug delivery, tissue regeneration | ||
PVA/HA | Anti-fatigue | Adding crystals composites and ordered folding units, introduction of hierarchical structure | Multiscale design, polymer chain entanglements | Cardiac/skin/neuro/cartilage/bone/muscle tissue engineering, | ||
CMCS/PEG/HA | Injection | Chemical/physical modification | Weak (non-covalent) cross-linking, shear thinning | Drug delivery, in situ moldability, targeted therapy | ||
Interface design | PEG/gelatin | Superhydrophilicity or superhydrophobicity | Plasma treatment, template, spraying, electrochemical, self-assembly, vapor deposition, etching | Surface roughness, surface energy | Cell culture/gradient scaffold construction, skin repair, dentistry, artificial vascular | |
Retinin | Anti-adhesion | Chemical modification, spraying, | Physical barriers, reduced contact area/surface energy | Abdominal wall defect treatment, anti-protein adsorption | [180] | |
PEG/Chitosan | Wet adhesion | Chemical modification, electrochemical, etching | Electrostatic interaction, Strong water absorption | Wound dressing, preventing infection, wet tissue adhesion, wound closure hemostasis | [181] | |
Stimulus responsiveness design | PEG/PVA/MNP | Magnetic field response | Embedding magnetic nanomaterials | Moving charge or changing electric field | Cartilage/bone tissue engineering, diagnosis | |
Porphyrin/fibrin | Sound sensitivity | Embedding sonosensitizers nanomaterials | High acoustic sensitization activity | Controlled drug release, tissue engineering, | ||
PEO/chitosan | pH sensitivity | Chemical modification | Ionizable groups or acid-cleavable bonds | Targeted drug delivery, tissue regeneration | ||
Chitosan/gelatin | Temperature sensitivity | Adding thermosensitive polymers | Low glass transition temperature | Drug delivery, tissue regeneration, injection-based cell therapy | ||
GSH/mussel/DTT | Redox response | Chemical modification, physical doping | Redox-responsive chemical bonds, cascade response | Targeted drug delivery, cancer treatment | ||
Self-healing design | PAA/gelatin/SA | Rapid self-healing | Chemical modification, ion complexation | Weak sacrificial links | Skin/nerve/muscle/cartilage tissue repair | [179] |
Microstructure design | HAP/HA/PLGA/collagen | Anisotropic surface | Electrospinning, lithography and molding, microfluidics, 3D printing, sacrificial templates, self-assembly, freeze-drying | Surface roughness, microscale effects, topology | Guiding cell fate, nerve/bone tissue regeneration | [214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231] |
Collagen/carrageenan | 3D microstructure | Vascularization, drug release, transfer of nutrients and wastes, mediating cell fate, cartilage/skin/bone tissue engineering | [235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254] |