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Table 2 Design principles, preparation methods, and applications of biomimetic natural biomaterials

From: Biomimetic natural biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: new biosynthesis methods, recent advances, and emerging applications

Modification

Biomaterials

Properties

Methods

Principles

Applications

References

Electroactive design

Collagen/chitosan

Conductivity

Loading with conductive substances or modification of electroactive functional groups

Electronic vacancy/movement, ionizable groups

Cardiac/skin/nerve/muscle tissue engineering, diagnosis

[117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125]

Collagen/PVDF/M13-bacteriophage

Piezoelectric

Loading with piezoelectric materials

Ordered nature of nano- or liquid-crystalline in biomaterials

Biosensing monitoring, health monitoring, dentistry, cardiac/skin tissue engineering

[126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138]

Cellulose/silk

Triboelectric

Loading with triboelectric materials

Charges generated by friction

Human–machine interactions, health monitoring, peripheral nerve restoration, smart wearables

[139,140,141,142,143,144]

Biomechanics design

Cellulose/collagen/alginate

Mechanical enhancement

Bionic structuring, multiple networks, doped nanomaterials

Nano enhancement, improving cross-linking density

Cartilage/bone/muscle tissue engineering

[148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156]

HA/collagen/alginate

Viscoelasticity

Chemical modification, mimics ECM dynamic mechanics

Abundant dynamic covalent bonds

Cell niche, mediating cell behavior, ophthalmology, drug delivery, tissue regeneration

[157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165]

PVA/HA

Anti-fatigue

Adding crystals composites and ordered folding units, introduction of hierarchical structure

Multiscale design, polymer chain entanglements

Cardiac/skin/neuro/cartilage/bone/muscle tissue engineering,

[166,167,168,169]

CMCS/PEG/HA

Injection

Chemical/physical modification

Weak (non-covalent) cross-linking, shear thinning

Drug delivery, in situ moldability, targeted therapy

[170,171,172,173,174,175,176]

Interface design

PEG/gelatin

Superhydrophilicity or superhydrophobicity

Plasma treatment, template, spraying, electrochemical, self-assembly, vapor deposition, etching

Surface roughness, surface energy

Cell culture/gradient scaffold construction, skin repair, dentistry, artificial vascular

[177,178,179]

Retinin

Anti-adhesion

Chemical modification, spraying,

Physical barriers, reduced contact area/surface energy

Abdominal wall defect treatment, anti-protein adsorption

[180]

PEG/Chitosan

Wet adhesion

Chemical modification, electrochemical, etching

Electrostatic interaction, Strong water absorption

Wound dressing, preventing infection, wet tissue adhesion, wound closure hemostasis

[181]

Stimulus responsiveness design

PEG/PVA/MNP

Magnetic field response

Embedding magnetic nanomaterials

Moving charge or changing electric field

Cartilage/bone tissue engineering, diagnosis

[192, 195,196,197,198]

Porphyrin/fibrin

Sound sensitivity

Embedding sonosensitizers nanomaterials

High acoustic sensitization activity

Controlled drug release, tissue engineering,

[191, 199]

PEO/chitosan

pH sensitivity

Chemical modification

Ionizable groups or acid-cleavable bonds

Targeted drug delivery, tissue regeneration

[193, 200,201,202,203]

Chitosan/gelatin

Temperature sensitivity

Adding thermosensitive polymers

Low glass transition temperature

Drug delivery, tissue regeneration, injection-based cell therapy

[204,205,206,207]

GSH/mussel/DTT

Redox response

Chemical modification, physical doping

Redox-responsive chemical bonds, cascade response

Targeted drug delivery, cancer treatment

[208, 209]

Self-healing design

PAA/gelatin/SA

Rapid self-healing

Chemical modification, ion complexation

Weak sacrificial links

Skin/nerve/muscle/cartilage tissue repair

[179]

Microstructure design

HAP/HA/PLGA/collagen

Anisotropic surface

Electrospinning, lithography and molding, microfluidics, 3D printing, sacrificial templates, self-assembly, freeze-drying

Surface roughness, microscale effects, topology

Guiding cell fate, nerve/bone tissue regeneration

[214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231]

Collagen/carrageenan

3D microstructure

Vascularization, drug release, transfer of nutrients and wastes, mediating cell fate, cartilage/skin/bone tissue engineering

[235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254]

  1. PVDF Polyvinylidene difluoride, ECM Extracellular matrix, PVA Polyvinyl alcohol, HA Hyaluronic acid, CMCS Carboxymethyl chitosan, PEG Polyethylene glycol, HAP Hydroxyapatite, PLGA Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), MNPs Magnetic nanoparticles, PEO Polyethylene oxide, GSH Glutathione, DTT Dithiothreitol, PAA Polyacrylic acid, SA Sodium alginate