Biomimetic natural biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: new biosynthesis methods, recent advances, and emerging applications

Liu, Shuai; Yu, Jiang-Ming; Gan, Yan-Chang; Qiu, Xiao-Zhong; Gao, Zhe-Chen; Wang, Huan; Chen, Shi-Xuan; Xiong, Yuan; Liu, Guo-Hui; Lin, Si-En; McCarthy, Alec; John, Johnson V.; Wei, Dai-Xu; Hou, Hong-Hao

doi:10.1186/s40779-023-00448-w

Military Medical Research

Table 1 Synthesis strategy, methods and results of natural biomaterials based on novel techniques and tools

From: Biomimetic natural biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: new biosynthesis methods, recent advances, and emerging applications

Strategies	Natural biomaterials	Methods, the involved strains or cells, and results	References
Novel chassis strains/cells	γ-PGA	Produced in engineering bacteria for high production	[66]
	AMPs	Produced in C. reinhardtii for stable expression of AMPs	[71]
	PLA & PLGA	Produced in engineered E. coli	[72]
	PHAs	Produced in H. bluephagenesis under high salt concentration and non-sterile conditions	[72]
	PHAs	Produced in engineered C. glutamicum for PHAs with free exotoxins and endotoxins	[73]
	HA	Produced in engineered C. glutamicum for HA with free exotoxins and endotoxins	[73]
	Alginate	Produced in engineering bacteria for high production	[96]
	Cellulose	Produced in Acetobacteraceae, Gluconacetobacter and Komagataeibacter for a large proportion of cellulose	[76]
	Collagen	Produced in engineering bacteria for high production	[99]
	Fibroin	Produced in engineered B. subtilis, S. cerevisiae and Chinese hamster ovary cells	[78,79,80]
Synthetic biology tools	PHAs	Manipulated the PHA synthesis-related genes via CRISPR-Cas9	[94]
		Increased the production of PHB via optimization of ribosomal binding site	[87]
	HA	Increased the production of HA via optimization of ribosomal binding site	[88]
	Fibroin	Incorporated spider silk protein genes into the Bombyx mori genome via CRISPR-Cas9	[84]
	AMPs	Inserted hLYZ gene into the bovine β-casein locus via zinc finger nucleases	[85]
	AMPs	Produced cecropin P1 with 31 amino acid residues and hBD-2 in cell-free biosynthesis system	[86]
Metabolic engineering	PHAs	Increased the production of PHA via PadhE, GabD, MCC, UdhA, FadA, FadB, FtsZ and MreB	[91,92,93,94, 96]
	HA	Regulated HA via genes DivIVA and FtsZ down or up	[101]
	Collagen	Increased the production of human-like collagen via optimization of carbon/nitrogen molar ratios	[99]
	Alginate	Metabolic flux analysis shows higher production of alginate acetylation in the cultures with limited oxygen	[98]
	Cellulose	Biomaterial properties of bacterial cellulose can be regulated through metabolic flux	[100]
AI & ML	AMPs	Predicted new AMPs via neural network	[102]
	HA	Predicted multiple genes expression in a pathway of HA based on AI	[108]
	HA	Simplified pathway design of HA via AI	[108]
	PHAs	Predicted the Tg of PHAs via recurrent neural network	[108, 109]
	Cellulose	Predicted the location of PHA-accumulating bacteria in a mixed microbial culture by recurrent neural network	[111]
	Collagen	Deduced the tensile strength of PLA fused deposition models by Taguchi L9 orthogonal array	[108]
	Cellulose	Enzymatic kinetics of cellulose synthesis was described by artificial neural networks	[113,114,115,]

PLA Polylactic acid, PLGA Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), E. coli Escherichia coli, PHAs Polyhydroxyalkanoate, PHB Polyhydroxybutyrate, HA Hyaluronic acid, γ-PGA Gamma-poly-glutamic acid, AMPs Antimicrobial peptides, hLYZ Human lysozyme, hBD-2 Human beta-defensin 2, Tg Glass Transition temperature, AI Artificial intelligence, ML Machine learning, H. bluephagenesis Halomonas bluephagenesis, C. glutamicum Corynebacterium glutamicum, CRISPR-Cas9 Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats—CRISPR associated protein 9, adhE Alcohol dehydrogenase, GabD Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, MCC 2-Methylcitrate cycle, UdhA Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase, FadA Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase, FadB Fatty acid oxidation complex subunit alpha, FtsZ Cell division protein, MreB Rod shape-determining protein

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ISSN: 2054-9369

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