Table 4 Different sources of sEVs and their application in cartilage regeneration
Source | Cell experiment | Animal experiment | Utilization | Roles of sEVs in tissue regeneration | Potential mechanisms |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Embryonic stem cell-derived MSCs | Chondrocytes; 5 µg/ml | Rat; dose: 2 mg/ml | Osteoarthritis treatment [232] | Promote temporomandibular joint repair and regeneration [232] | Ameliorate inflammation and suppress apoptosis and matrix degradation to achieve overall joint homeostasis [232] |
MSCs | Primary chondrocytes; 10 µg/ml | – | Osteoarthritis treatment [233] | Promote chondrocytes proliferation [233] | Activation of miR-206/GIT1 axis [233] |
Primary MSCs | Primary chondrocytes; 50 µg/ml | – | Osteoarthritis treatment [234] | Promote chondrogenesis and enhance chondrocytes proliferation [234] | Inhibit HDAC2/8 expression and promote cartilage matrix expression [234] |
Embryonic stem cell-derived MSCs | - | Rat model; dose: 1 mg/ml | Cartilage regeneration [235] | Promote cartilage and subchondral bone repair [235] | – |
Embryonic stem cell-derived MSCs | Primary chondrocytes; 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 µg/ml | Rat model; dose: 1 mg/ml | Cartilage regeneration [236] | Promote chondrocytes proliferation and ameliorate inflammation [236] | Coordinated mobilization of multiple cell types and activation of several cellular processes [236] |
MSCs | HUVECs; 100 µg/ml | – | Regeneration [237] | Promote angiogenesis [237] | Mediate stem cell-endothelial cell crosstalk [237] |
Serum | MSCs, chondrocytes | – | Cartilage regeneration [238] | Promote MSCs towards chondrogenic differentiation [238] | Deliver sEVs-derived miR-140 to MSCs [238] |