Fig. 3
From: Extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis and treatment of acute lung injury
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) can attenuate ALI/ARDS by suppressing inflammatory responses. a MSC-EVs inhibit epithelial cell apoptosis, restore epithelial cell barrier and improve cell viability. b MSC-EVs promote M2 polarization of alveolar macrophages and inhibit inflammatory reactions. c MSC-EVs maintain endothelial cell permeability and promote cell proliferation. d MSC-EVs inhibit the neutrophil infiltration and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation. ALI/ARDS acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome