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Table 1 Completed clinical trials of pancreatic cancer vaccines

From: Personalized pancreatic cancer therapy: from the perspective of mRNA vaccine

Vaccine type

NCT number

Immunogen

Additional treatment

Phase

Enrollment

Endpoint

Cell-based vaccine

NCT00004604

CEA RNA-pulsed autologous DC

No

Phase I

Not provided

2002

NCT00002773

Allogeneic pancreatic cancer cell

Cyclophosphamide, GM-CSF

Phase II

Not provided

2004

NCT00084383

GVAX

5-fluorouracil, radiotherapy

Phase II

60

2006

NCT00255827

Allogeneic tumor cell expressing α-1,3 galactosyltransferase

No

Phase I/II

7

2007

NCT00128622

Autologous DC-infected with fowlpox-CEA-6D-TRICOM

Denileukin diftitox

Phase I

Not provided

2007

NCT00027534

Autologous DC-infected with fowlpox-CEA-6D-TRICOM

Autologous DC mixed with CMV pp65 and tetanus toxoid

Phase I

Not provided

2007

NCT00547144

Autologous DC

Gemcitabine, stereotactic radiosurgery

Phase I

2

2008

NCT00002475

Allogeneic or autologous tumor cell

Cyclophosphamide, GM-CSF

Phase II

Not provided

2009

NCT00305760

GVAX

Cetuximab, cyclophosphamide

Phase II

60

2009

NCT00161187

Allogeneic lymphocyte

No

Phase I

Not provided

2011

NCT01410968

Peptide-pulsed DC

Poly-ICLC

Phase I

12

2016

NCT02151448

Autologous αDC1-loaded with autologous tumor material

Celecoxib, IFN-α, rintatolimod

Phase I/II

64

2019

NCT00727441

GVAX

Surgery, cyclophosphamide

Phase II

87

2019

NCT01896869

GVAX

FOLFIRINOX, ipilimumab

Phase II

83

2019

Peptide-based vaccine

NCT00006387

RAS

Immunological adjuvant QS21

Phase I

Not provided

2002

NCT00008099

MUC1

SB AS-2

Phase I

25

2004

NCT00019006

RAS

Detox-B adjuvant

Phase I

Not provided

Not provided

NCT00019331

RAS

IL-2, GM-CSF

Phase II

Not provided

2007

NCT00648102

HCG-β

No

Phase I

Not provided

2009

NCT00622622

VEGFR2

Gemcitabine

Phase I

21

2009

NCT00709462

HCG-β

No

Phase I

Not provided

2010

NCT00529984

CEA

No

Phase I/II

Not provided

2010

NCT00425360

Telomerase

Gemcitabine, capecitabine, GM-CSF

Phase III

Estimated 1110

2013

NCT00655785

VEGFR1, VEGFR2

Gemcitabine

Phase I/II

17

2013

NCT01342224

Telomerase

GM-CSF, gemcitabine

Phase I

11

2018

Microorganism-based vaccine

NCT00003125

ALVAC-CEA, vaccinia-CEA

IL-2, GM-CSF

Phase II

Not provided

2004

NCT00028496

Fowlpox-CEA(6D)-TRICOM

GM-CSF

Phase I

Not provided

2005

NCT01191684

MVAp53

No

Phase I

Not provided

2013

NCT00569387

Algenpantucel-L

Surgery, gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil

Phase II

73

2014

NCT00300950

Yeast expressing four different mutated RAS protein

Gemcitabine

Phase II

176

2015

NCT02338752

DPT, typhoid, staphylococcus aureus, paratyphoid A and B

Surgery, chemotherapy

Phase I/II

20

2015

NCT03127098

Adenovirus [E1-, E2b-]-CEA(6D)

IL-15

Phase I/II

Not provided

2017

Protein-based vaccine

NCT00003025

HSPPC-96

No

Phase I

16

2002

DNA-based vaccine

NCT01486329

VEGFR-2 DNA

No

Phase I

72

2014

  1. All clinical trial data were collected from ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/home). CEA carcinoembryonic antigen, DC dendritic cell, GM-CSF granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GVAX GM-CSF gene-transfected allogeneic pancreatic cancer cell, CMV pp65 cytomegalovirus pp65, αDC1 α-type-1 polarized dendritic cell, RAS Ras GTPase-activating protein, MUC1 mucin 1, VGEFR vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, HCG-β human chorionic gonadotropin beta, SB AS-2 an immunologic adjuvant system consisting of an oil-in-water emulsion containing two immunostimulants: monophosphoryl Lipid A and a saponin derivative QS-21, MVAp53 modified vaccinia virus ankara vaccine expressing p53, DPT diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, HSPPC-96 heat shock protein-peptide complex-96
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