Multifaceted roles of extracellular RNAs in different diseases

Sohail, Abdullah Muhammad; Khawar, Muhammad Babar; Afzal, Ali; Hassan, Ali; Shahzaman, Sara; Ali, Ahmed

doi:10.1186/s40779-022-00405-z

Military Medical Research

Table 1 Overview of several exRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers in different diseases

From: Multifaceted roles of extracellular RNAs in different diseases

Biomarker	Type of disease	Method	Medium	Significance	References
miR-29	Liver cirrhosis	qPCR	Serum	Lower levels show disease progression	[37]
miR-29a	Liver fibrosis	qPCR	Serum	Low levels show advanced liver fibrosis	[38]
miR-122/miR-155	Acute and chronic liver injury	TaqMan MicroRNA assay	Serum and plasma	Upregulated in hepatocytes and a central regulator of inflammation	[39]
miR-30	Muscle injury, muscle disuse atrophy	qRT-PCR	Skeletal muscle	An interesting biomarker of muscle homeostasis and muscle disease	[40]
miR-223	Acute liver failure and liver cirrhosis	qPCR	Tissue and serum	Upregulation restricted to hepatocytes, also showed significantly higher levels in serum	[41]
miR-21 amplification	Glioblastoma	RT-PCR, microarray, Western blotting, immunohistochemical analysis	Cell lines, CSF	Regulator of EGFR expression, cell-cycle and signaling pathways	[26, 42]
miR-603/miR-181d ratio		RT-PCR, Western blotting	Tissue, cell line	Coregulators of MGMT expression	[26]
EGFR amplification		RT-PCR, Western blotting	Tissue	Enhanced cell survival and proliferation via EGFR-PI3K pathway	[26]
miR140-5p/miR301a	GC	RT-qPCR	Saliva	Downregulated in the GC	[32]
miR-26a/b	Oral squamous cell carcinoma	PCR	Epithelial tissue	Downregulation and function as a tumor suppressor	[43]
miR‐34a	Brain aging	qPCR	Blood and Plasma	Accessible biomarkers for age‐dependent changes in the brain	[44]
miR-24-3p	Aging	RT-qPCR array, RT-qPCR validation	Saliva	Nonspecific screening biomarker for aging	[45]
miR-29a/miR-29b	GDM	PCR	Serum	Downregulated in the GDM	[46]
miR-150/miR-192/miR-27a	Diabetes mellitus	Microarray profiling	Blood	Correlation between raised levels of fasting glucose and altered levels of miR-27a and miR-320a	[47]
miR-9/miR-29a	T2DM	qPCR	Serum	Deregulated in T2DM	[48]
miR-155/miR-181a	T1DM	Microarray profiling and qPCR	Serum	Deregulated in T1DM	[49]
miR-21	Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis	Real-time qPCR	Serum	Correlation with the histological grades of inflammation	[27, 50]
miRNA-let-7a/miRNA-92a/miRNA-648a	Multiple sclerosis	qPCR	Plasma	Significantly lower expression	[51]
miR-15b/miR-34a/ miR-636	Diabetic kidney disease	qRT-PCR	Urine	Upregulated in urine pellets	[52]
miR-21-5p	Diabetic kidney disease	qPCR	Urine	Upregulation and associated with pathogenesis of renal dysfunction	[53]
miR-21	Renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy	qRT-PCR	Renal cortical tissue	Targets known fibrotic signaling proteins	[25]

GC gastric cancer, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, T1DM type 1 diabetes mellitus, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, GFR glomerular filtration rate, PCR polymerase chain reaction, qPCR quantitative PCR, qRT-PCR quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, RT-qPCR reverse transcription quantitative PCR, MGMT O⁶-methylguanine methyl transferase

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ISSN: 2054-9369

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