Fig. 1

C3 and C4 alleviate osteolysis in vivo. a Representative 3D reconstruction (micro-CT) image of calvarium in each group. b Quantification of BV/TV (bone volume to tissue volume), BMD (bone mineral density), total porosity, osteolysis area (n = 5), and IL-1β-positive cells (n = 3). c Representative H&E staining of calvarial slices from each group. d Representative staining of IL-1β immunohistochemistry from each group. Results are mean ± SEM, ^***P < 0.001, ns non-significant. C2 acetate, C3 propionate, C4 butyrate, BV/TV bone volume to tissue volume, BMD bone mineral density