Table 2 Early phase clinical studies evaluating the role of mRNA vaccines for non-CHOL cancers
From: mRNA vaccine development for cholangiocarcinoma: a precise pipeline
Antigen | Vehicle | Combination | Indication | n | Outcomes | Clinical trial |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WT1 | DC | Durvalumab | Solid tumor Lymphoma | 264 | Increased WT1-specific CD8+ T cells | NCT03739931 [35] |
WT1, PRAME, and CMVpp65 | DC | – | Acute myeloid leukemia | 13 | Enhanced PRAME and WT1-specific immunity; 5 patients in CR, with an observation period of up to 840 d | NCT01734304 |
CEA-peptide | LNP | Oxaliplatin/Capecitabine | Colorectal cancer | 30 | CEA peptide-specific T-cells detected in 8/11 patients in the peptide group | NCT00228189 [36] |
Tumor RNA plus synthetic CD40L RNA | DC | Sunitinib | Renal cell carcinoma | 25 | 13 patients (62%) experienced clinical benefit (PR + CR) | NCT00678119 [37] |
Tumor-associated antigens | Liposome | PD-1 inhibitor | Melanoma | 119 | Increased antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell were observed | NCT02410733 [38] |
Autologous tumor-mRNA | DC | IL-2 | Melanoma | 31 | Antigen-specific immune response demonstrated in 51.6% patients; immune responders had better survival (median 14 months vs. 6 months, P = 0.030) | NCT01278940 [39] |
CD40 ligand TLR4, gp100 and tyrosinase | DC | – | Melanoma | 28 | 1 PR and 2 SD observed in 8 patients | NCT01530698 [40] |
MageA3, MageA1, Melan-A, Tyrosinase, Survivin, and gp100 | Protamine-protected | GM-CSF s.c | Melanoma | 20 | Antigen-specific T cells detected in 2/4 evaluable patients; 1 CR observed in 7 patients | NCT00204607 [41] |
hTERT | DC | – | Acute myeloid leukemia | 21 | 11 patients (58%) developed hTERT-specific T-cell responses | NCT00510133 [42] |