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Fig. 4 | Military Medical Research

Fig. 4

From: Caloric restriction-mimetics for the reduction of heart failure risk in aging heart: with consideration of gender-related differences

Fig. 4

Gender-related differences in the phenotypes of heart failure. Heart failure occurs during aging in both men and women with increased left ventricular (LV) mass and reduced cardiac function. Female is often associated with diastolic dysfunction and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) as opposite to male, which is mainly associated with diastolic dysfunction but reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Patients with HFpEF exhibit a distinctive gene transcriptome that differs from that of patients with HFrEF in systemic inflammation, cardiac remodeling, and stiffness. LV left ventricle

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