Fig. 1
Energy metabolism in the heart under physiological condition. a In a normal heart, the main task of energy metabolism is to produce ATP for the pumping function. b To maintain a high energy demand, the heart is equipped with an enzymatic machinery orchestrating ATP production that mainly uses fatty acids and glucose under physiological condition. Under physiological condition, the production of reactive species is minor, and mainly produced in the mitochondria with superoxide (\({\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{ \cdot -}\)) as the primary form in the heart. Of which, the balance is maintained by the action of superoxide dismutase and catalase by converting them to O2 and H2O. ATP adenosine triphosphate, CD36 cluster of differentiation 36, SOD superoxide dismutase, TCA tricarboxylic acid