Fig. 4

Schematic overview of the SDT mechanisms in gliomas. a General SDT mechanism. b US activation of the sonosensitizers accumulate in the mitochondria could induce the generation of ROS, which would result in the mitochondria swelling and mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) decreasing. Meanwhile, the degradation of the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ ATPase (SERCA₂) can lead to an abnormal increase in calcium. Both mechanisms can eventually promote apoptosis of glioma cells. SDT sonodynamic therapy, US ultrasound, ROS reactive oxygen species