Fig. 4

Colorectal mucosa mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells upregulate active GSDMD expression in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected patients. a Representative immunohistochemistry images and quantification of pyroptotic MAIT cells in colorectal tissue from HIV-negative controls (n = 7) and HIV⁺ patients (n = 7) co-stained with anti-MDR1 and anti-active GSDMD. b Representative immunohistochemistry images and quantification of CD4⁺ MAIT cells in colorectal mucosa tissues from HIV-negative controls (n = 7) and HIV⁺ patients (n = 7) co-stained with anti-MDR1 and anti-CD4. Each color in the pooled data of immune single or double stains represents one single subject, and each dot represents positive cell numbers counted in a single high-power field (hpf, × 400). Arrowheads highlight canonical active GSDMD⁺MDR1⁺ double-positive or CD4⁺MDR1⁺ double-positive cells. Data are expressed as M (Q₁, Q₃). ^****P < 0.0001. Mann–Whitney U test (a, b). VL viral load, NA not available, GSDMD gasdermin-D