Fig. 4
UTMD inhibited autophagosome fusion with lysosomes in IR-treated glioblastoma cells. GL261 cells were transfected with RFP-GFP-LC3B for 24 h and then exposed to UTMD (ultrasonic intensity of 1.2 W/cm2 combined with 200 μl/ml MBs at a duty cycle of 10% for 60 s) followed by IR (2 Gy) exposure. a Representative images of fluorescent LC3 puncta are shown. b Mean numbers of GFP and RFP dots/cell (top). Mean number of autophagosomes (yellow dots in merged images) and autolysosomes (red dots in merged images)/cell (bottom). Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. the vehicle-treated control group; ##P < 0.01 vs. IR group. GFP green fluorescent protein, RFP red fluorescent protein, LC3B light chain 3 beta, IR ionizing radiation, UTMD ultrasound-triggered microbubble destruction, MBs microbubbles, SD standard deviation