Table 2 Neuroimaging findings among TBI patients with the help of different techniques

CT & MRI

The complex multivariate model of CT parameters is helpful to improve the accuracy of prognosis prediction [98]

The thalamic nucleus volume increased in TBI veterans with suicidal tendencies. The same results were not seen in TBI veterans without suicidal tendencies [99]

SWI is more suitable for detecting subtle lesions or pathological abnormalities, and is more likely to obtain positive findings [100]

fMRI

The DMN is changed in patients with military mTBI. Military victims with mTBI had more functional connections between white matter and the anterior cingulate cortex [101]

The posterior cingulate cortex and other posterior brain structures tend to show lower functional connectivity within the DMN [102]

Patients with mTBI had significantly reduced activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (decreased blood oxygenation level dependent effects in the resting state) [103]

Patients with a reported history of mTBI showed higher activation in the periaqueductal grey matter, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and cuneus during pain anticipation [104]

DTI

The radial and axial diffusion coefficients of white matter were significantly increased in TBI group [105]

Anisotropic dispersive clusters were found in the inferior frontal white matter of mTBI patients [106]

The prognosis of patients with severe craniocerebral injury was related to the ADC values of the whole white matter and corpus callosum [12]

MTI

The MPF based on magnetization transfer effect decreased in the corticocortical subcortical tracts of patients with explosion-related TBI, and the degree of reduction was correlated with the degree of explosion exposure [37]

ASL

Cerebral blood flow decreased in severe TBI and increased in patients with acute mTBI [107]

MRS

Decreased metabolism of N-acetyl aspartate after concussion [108]

In veterans, n-acetyl aspartate/creatine and N-acetyl aspartate/choline ratios were reduced [109]