Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in the military: a qualitative systematic review of the literature from the past two decades and a new prioritizing injury model

Sammito, Stefan; Hadzic, Vedran; Karakolis, Thomas; Kelly, Karen R.; Proctor, Susan P.; Stepens, Ainars; White, Graham; Zimmermann, Wes O.

doi:10.1186/s40779-021-00357-w

Military Medical Research

Table 10 Summary of studies that focused on education, marital status, race/ethnicity, rank, season of the year, and UV index as risk factors for MskIs

From: Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in the military: a qualitative systematic review of the literature from the past two decades and a new prioritizing injury model

Study	Publication year	Country	Branches	Unit/training	Study type	n	Risk factor^*
Education (lower)
Canham-Chervak [52]	2006	USA	Army	Recruits	P	1156 M, 746 F	Yes
Fallowfield [77]	2018	UK	Air Force	Recruits	P	990 M, 203 F	Yes
George [114]	2012	USA	Army	Combat medics	P	1230	No
Givon [61]	2000	Israel	n/a		P	2306 M	No (M)
Knapik [84]	2007	USA	Army	Band	R	159 M, 46 F	No
Knapik [87]	2008	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	P	2147 M, 920 F	No
Knapik [88]	2009	USA	Marines	Recruits BCT	P	840 M, 571 F	No
Munnoch [91]	2007	UK	Marines		P	1115 M	No (M)
Pihlajamäki [93]	2019	Finland	n/a	Full duty	R	4029 M	No (M)
Reynolds [98]	2000	USA	Marines	Winter mountain training	P	356	Yes
Taanila [123]	2010	Finland	n/a	Conscripts	P	944 M	Yes (M)
Taanila [59]	2012	Finland	Army	Conscripts	P	982 M	Yes (M)
Taanila [104]	2015	Finland	Army	Conscripts	P	1411 M	No (M)
Marital status
Canham-Chervak [52]	2006	USA	Army	Recruits	P	1156 M, 746 F	No
Hill [115]	2013	USA	Army	Active duty	R	83,323	Yes
Knapik [84]	2007	USA	Army	Band	R	159 M, 46 F	No
Knapik [87]	2008	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	P	2147 M, 920 F	Yes^#
Knapik [88]	2009	USA	Marines	Recruits BCT	P	840 M, 571 F	No
Schneider [58]	2000	USA	Army	Airborne Div	R	1214	No
Race/ethnicity
Bedno [72]	2013	USA	Army	IET	P	8456 M	No (M)¹
Billings [160]	2004	USA	Air Force	Recruits BCT	R	2006	Yes²
Blacker [161]	2008	UK	Army	Recruits	R	11,937 M, 1480 F	Yes³
Bulathsinhala [49]	2017	USA	Army	Active duty	R	1,299,332	Yes⁴
Canham-Chervak [52]	2006	USA	Army	Recruits	P	1156 M, 746 F	No⁵
Cowan [74]	2012	USA	Army	Trainees	P	1568 F	No (F)¹
Cowan [75]	2011	USA	Army	Recruits	P	7323	No¹
Givon [61]	2000	Israel	n/a		P	2306 M	No (M)⁶
Grier [79]	2010	USA	Multiple		R	24,177 M	Yes⁷
Hughes [50]	2019	USA	Army	Active duty	R	120,730	Yes⁸
Kelly [80]	2000	USA	Navy	Recruits BCT	R	86 F	Yes⁹
Knapik [47]	2012	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	R	475,745 M, 107,906 F	Yes¹⁰
Knapik [146]	2007	USA	Army	Mechanics	R	518 M, 43 F	No¹¹
Knapik [46]	2018	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	R	475,745 M, 107,906 F	Yes¹⁰
Knapik [87]	2008	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	P	2147 M, 920 F	No¹²
Knapik [88]	2009	USA	Marines	Recruits BCT	P	840 M, 571 F	No¹³
Lappe [55]	2005	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	R	4139 F	Yes¹⁴
Lappe [56]	2001	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	P	3758 F	Yes¹⁵
Lauder [90]	2000	USA	Army	Active duty	P	230 F	No (F)¹⁶
Montain [45]	2013	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	R	421,461 M, 90,141 F	Yes¹⁷
Owens [152]	2007	USA	n/a	Active duty	R	4451	Yes¹⁸
Owens [128]	2009	USA	Army, Marines, Navy, Air Force	Active duty	R	19,730	Yes¹⁹
Reynolds [96]	2009	USA	Army	Infantry	P	181	Yes²⁰
Reynolds [97]	2002	USA	Army	Construction engineers & Combat artillery soldiers	P	313	Yes²¹
Reynolds [98]	2000	USA	Marines	Winter mountain training	P	356	Yes²²
Waterman [31]	2016	USA	Multiple	Active Duty	R	5,580,875	Yes¹⁹
Wilkinson [60]	2009	UK	Army	Infantry	P	660	No²³
Rank (lower)
Canham-Chervak [52]	2006	USA	Army	Recruits	P	1156 M, 746 F	No
Craig [40]	2000	USA	Army	Airborne Division	R	242,949 aircraft exits	Yes
Darakjy [8]	2006	USA	Army	Active duty	P	4101 M, 413 F	Yes
Grier [79]	2010	USA	Multiple		R	24,177 M	No (M)
Hill [115]	2013	USA	Army	Active duty	R	83,323	Yes
Lauder [90]	2000	USA	Army	Active duty	P	230 F	No (F)
Owens [128]	2009	USA	Army, Marines, Navy, Air Force	Active duty	R	19,730	Yes
Reynolds [98]	2000	USA	Marines	Winter mountain training	P	356	Yes
Roy [133]	2012	USA	Army	Brigade Combat Team^##	P	246 M, 17 F	No
Skeehan [139]	2009	USA	Army, Marine, Navy	Active duty^##	R	3367	Yes
Wilkinson [60]	2009	UK	Army	Infantry	P	660	No
Season of the year (summer time)
Jones [33]	2008	USA	Army	Ordinance school students	P	n/a	Yes^$
Knapik [195]	2002	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	R	1543 M, 1025 F	Yes^$
Mattila [196]	2006	Finland	n/a		P	213,500 person years	Yes^$$
Taanila [197]	2009	Finland	Army	Conscripts	P	955 M	Yes (M)^$
UV index (higher)
Montain [45]	2013	USA	Army	Recruits BCT	R	421,461 M, 90,141 F	Yes

BCT basis combat training; IET initial entry training; n/a not available; R retrospective study; P prospective study; M male; F female; (M) risk factor only for males; (F) risk factor only for females
*Risk factor for musculoskeletal injuries (MSkI); ^#Divorced or widowed; ^##Deployment; ^$Summer; ^$$Summer and autumn
¹White vs. Black vs. other; ²Other > African American > Hispanic > Caucasian; ³Caucasian > others; ⁴Non-Hispanic white > Hispanic > American Indian/Native Alaskan > Asian > Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander > Non-Hispanic Black > others; ⁵White vs. Black vs. Hispanic; ⁶Ashkenazi vs. non-Ashkenazi; ⁷Black > (Native, Causasian, Asian, Hispanic, other); ⁸White > Black (and Asian, American Indian, other); ⁹Hispanic and Asian and other > white and African American; ¹⁰White, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian, other > Black; ¹¹Caucasian vs. African American vs. other; ¹²White, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian, Black and others; ¹³White, Hispanic, Black, Other; ¹⁴Hispanic and White > Black, American Indians, Asian; ¹⁵All others races and White > Black; ¹⁶Hispanic and Asian > African-American or Caucasian; ¹⁷White, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian, others > Black; ¹⁸Black vs. White and others; ¹⁹White > others > Black; ²⁰Caucasian > African-American, Hispanic, others; ²¹Caucasian was identified as a risk factor; ²²White was identified as a risk factor; ²³White vs. others

Back to article page

ISSN: 2054-9369

Contact us

Submission enquiries: Access here and click Contact Us
General enquiries: info@biomedcentral.com