Skip to main content

Table 1 Epidemiological studies exploring the associations between periodontitis and genitourinary cancers

From: Oral microbiota in the oral-genitourinary axis: identifying periodontitis as a potential risk of genitourinary cancers

Author (year)

PD criteria

Cases N (M/F)

Controls N (M/F)

Results

Prostate cancer

Michaud et al. (2016) [23]

Self-reported periodontitis according to bone loss and teeth number [33, 36]

Periodontitis: 1945 (M: 1945)

Without PD: 17,988 (M: 17,988)

(1) No significant association between periodontitis and PCa risk (HR = 1.17, 95% CI 0.94–1.47)

(2) No significant association between tooth loss and PCa risk (HR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.61–1.30)

Dizdar et al. (2017) [24]

CDC/AAP case definition [31]

M/S periodontitis: 129 (M: 129)

TNCR 2013 data

M/S periodontitis had higher risk of PCa (SIR = 3.75, 95% CI 0.95–10.21)

Kim et al. (2020) [38]

CDC/AAP case definition [31]

CP: 60,772 (M: 60,772)

Without PD: 60,468 (M: 60,468)

CP significantly increased the risk of PCa (HR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.16–1.32)

Güven et al. (2019) [39]

AAP classification [35]

PD: 2151 (M: 2151)

TNCR 2013 data

PD significantly increased the risk of PCa (SIR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.34–2.49)

Lee et al. (2017) [40]

CDC/AAP case definition [31]

PD: 531 (M: 531)

Without PD: 403 (M: 403)

PD significantly increased the risk of PCa (HR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.01–1.31)

Arora et al. (2010) [41]

Self-reported PD according to tooth mobility [34]

PD: 457 (M: 457)

Without PD: 5515 (M: 5515)

PD significantly increased the risk of PCa (HR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.04–2.07)

Hujoel et al. (2003) [42]

Gingival inflammation, periodontal pockets, firmness of tooth

Periodontitis: 1085 (M: 1085)

Gingivitis: 1021 (M: 1021)

Without PD: 1242 (M: 1242)

Periodontitis was positively associated with PCa (OR = 1.81, 95% CI 0.76–4.34)

Hiraki et al. (2008) [43]

Self-reported tooth loss

Pca: 136 (M: 136)

Without cancer: 5398 (M: 5398)

Tooth loss was inversely associated with PCa (OR = 0.49, 95% CI  0.19–1.26)

Michaud et al. (2008) [44]

Self-reported PD according to bone loss and teeth number [33, 36]

PD: 7863 (M: 7863)

Without PD: 40,512 (M: 40,512)

(1) No significant association was observed between PD and advanced PCa risk (HR = 0.89, 95% CI  0.71–1.10)

(2) Tooth loss was inversely correlated with advanced PCa (HR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.50–0.97)

Hwang et al. (2014) [45]

NR

PD with treatment: 19,226 (M: 19,226)

PD with no treatment: 38,452 (M: 38,452)

The risks of PCa were significantly higher in the PD with treatment (HR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.63–2.73)

Wen et al. (2014) [46]

NR

Periodontitis: 26,288 (M: 26,288)

Gingivitis: 47,522 (M: 47,522)

The incidence rate of PCa was not elevated in the periodontitis cohort than in the gingivitis cohort (HR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.82–1.23)

Michaud et al. (2018) [47]

CDC/AAP case definition [32]

Periodontitis: 2252 (M: 2252)

Without Periodontitis: (M: 535)

No significant association was observed between SP and PCa risk (HR = 1.10, 95% CI 0.79–1.54)

Bladder cancer

Michaud et al. (2016) [23]

Self-reported periodontitis according to bone loss and teeth number [33, 36]

Periodontitis: 1945 (M: 1945)

Without PD: 17,988 (M: 17,988)

(1) Periodontitis increased the risk of bladder cancer (HR = 1.38, 95% CI 0.93–2.05)

(2) Advanced periodontitis significantly increased the risk of bladder cancer (HR = 5.06, 95% CI 2.32–11.0)

Arora et al. (2010) [41]

Self-reported PD according to Tooth mobility [34]

PD: 908 (M: 457/F:451)

Without PD: 12,592 (M: 5515/F: 7077)

PD slightly increased the risk of bladder cancer (HR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.59–2.20)

Michaud et al. (2008) [44]

Self-reported PD according to bone loss and teeth number [33, 36]

PD: 7863 (M: 7863)

Without PD: 40,512 (M: 40,512)

PD slightly increased the risk of bladder cancer (HR = 1.17, 95% CI 0.96–1.43)

Wen et al. (2014) [46]

NR

Periodontitis: 57,591 (M: 26,288/F: 25,503)

Gingivitis: 96,375 (M: 47,522/F: 45,583)

The incidence rate of bladder cancer was not elevated in the periodontitis cohort than in the gingivitis cohort (HR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.70–1.22)

Oh et al. (2020) [48]

Self-reported PD according to bone loss and teeth number [33, 36]

PD: 89,170 PYs (M: 89,170 PYs)

Without PD: 354,997 PYs (M: 354,997 PYs)

PD increased the risk of invasive bladder cancer (HR = 1.19, 95% CI 0.98–1.46)

Nwizu et al. (2017) [49]

Self-reported PD [37]

PD: 17,103 (F: 17,103)

Without PD: 48,766 (F: 48,766)

PD slightly increased the risk of bladder cancer (HR = 1.10, 95% CI 0.81–1.49)

Kidney cancer

Michaud et al. (2016) [23]

Self-reported periodontitis according to bone loss and teeth number [33, 36]

Periodontitis: 1945 (M: 1945)

Without PD: 17,988 (M: 17,988)

No association between periodontitis and the risk of kidney cancer (HR = 1.09, 95% CI 0.68–1.75)

Michaud et al. (2008) [44]

Self-reported PD according to bone loss and teeth number [33, 36]

PD: 7863 (M: 7863)

Without PD: 40,512 (M: 40,512)

PD significantly increased risk of kidney cancer (HR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.12–1.97)

Wen et al. (2014) [46]

NR

Periodontitis: 57,591 (M: 26,288/F: 25,503)

Gingivitis: 96,375 (M: 47,522/F: 45,583)

The incidence rate of kidney cancer was not elevated in the periodontitis cohort than in the gingivitis cohort (HR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.65–1.23)

Nwizu et al. (2017) [49]

Self-reported PD [37]

PD: 17,103 (F: 17,103)

Without PD: 48,766 (F: 48,766)

PD slightly increased the risk of kidney cancer (HR = 1.09, 95% CI 0.76–1.56)

  1. AAP American Academy of Periodontology, CDC centers for disease control, CP chronic periodontitis, CI confidence interval, F female, HR Hazard ratio, M male, M/S moderate to severe, N number, NR not reported, OR Odds ratio, PCa prostate cancer, PD periodontal disease, PYs person-years, SIR standardized incidence rates, SP severe periodontitis, TNCR Turkish National Cancer Registry