Fig. 3

Potential molecular mechanisms by which oral microbiota promote genitourinary cancers. a Oral bacteria, bacterial metabolites, and inflammatory factors enter into human blood. b Oral bacteria, bacterial metabolites, and inflammatory are delivered via blood vessels. c Oral bacteria may colonize the urinary system through blood vessel. Subsequently, the structural components of bacteria (e.g., LPS, FadA) and bacterial metabolites (e.g., gingipains) promote the development of bladder, prostate and kidney cancer. Meanwhile, the long-term presence of inflammatory cells and inflammatory molecules in the systemic circulation is associated with the early formation of primary epithelial tumors in bladder, kidney, and prostate cancers, and promote the excessive proliferation, invasiveness, and angiogenesis of cancer cells. A. actinomycetemcomitans Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum Fusobacterium nucleatum, P. gingivalis Porphyromonas gingivalis