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Table 1 All variables of the training and control groups assessed before (pre) and after (post) the 12-week intervention and the statistical results

From: The effects of 12 weeks of functional strength training on muscle strength, volume and activity upon exposure to elevated Gz forces in high-performance aircraft personnel

Variable

Time point

Training group (\( \overline{\boldsymbol{x}} \) ±s)

Pre/post (%)

d

Control group (\( \overline{\boldsymbol{x}} \) ±s)

Pre/post (%)

d

Volume (cm3)

m. sternocleidomastoid

Pre

58.1 ± 12.9

+ 7.4*

1.3

46.8 ± 7.4

+ 1.0

0.19

Post

62.4 ± 12.2

47.4 ± 7.5

m. trapezius pars descendens

Pre

125.4 ± 22.3

+ 8.3*

1.1

103.7 ± 26.8

+ 2.0

0.22

Post

135.8 ± 26.1

105.8 ± 22.3

 Cross-sectional volume of the deep neck muscles (C4)

Pre

60.5 ± 14.5

+ 6.6*

0.78

51.3 ± 7.9

+ 2.3

0.27

Post

64.5 ± 17.8

52.5 ± 8.1

Maximum voluntary isometric strength of the cervical spine (Nm)

 Extension

Pre

56.2 ± 11.3

+ 6.8*

0.94

43.0 ± 11.2

−1.0

0.12

Post

61.1 ± 13.2

42.6 ± 10.2

 Flexion

Pre

34.4 ± 6.8

+ 17.7*

1.1

24.9 ± 7.1

+ 10.5*

1.1

Post

40.6 ± 10.2

27.5 ± 7.2

 Lateral flexion to the right

Pre

45.3 ± 10.3

+ 6.9*

0.73

32.2 ± 8.0

−1.0

0.52

Post

48.4 ± 11.4

30.5 ± 6.8

 Lateral flexion to the left

Pre

46.3 ± 11.0

+ 7.3*

0.65

33.8 ± 8.5

−1.0

0.18

Post

49.7 ± 12.4

32.9 ± 8.8

 Rotation to the right

Pre

19.8 ± 6.4

+ 22.7*

1.7

12.5 ± 3.6

+ 1.1

0.44

Post

24.2 ± 7.6

13.6 ± 4.5

 Rotation to the left

Pre

19.3 ± 6.4

+ 23.2*

1.5

13.3 ± 3.1

+ 1.1

0.37

Post

23.8 ± 7.6

14.5 ± 4.5

Questionnaire

 Perception of muscle strain

Pre

2.0 ± 0.45

 

2.2

2.2 ± 0.75

 

0.17

Post

2.4 ± 0.67

 

2.3 ± 0.52

 
  1. * P ≤ 0.05 between the pre- and post-test results within each group