Variable | Time point | Training group (\( \overline{\boldsymbol{x}} \) ±s) | Pre/post (%) | d | Control group (\( \overline{\boldsymbol{x}} \) ±s) | Pre/post (%) | d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volume (cm3) | |||||||
m. sternocleidomastoid | Pre | 58.1 ± 12.9 | + 7.4* | 1.3 | 46.8 ± 7.4 | + 1.0 | 0.19 |
Post | 62.4 ± 12.2 | 47.4 ± 7.5 | |||||
m. trapezius pars descendens | Pre | 125.4 ± 22.3 | + 8.3* | 1.1 | 103.7 ± 26.8 | + 2.0 | 0.22 |
Post | 135.8 ± 26.1 | 105.8 ± 22.3 | |||||
Cross-sectional volume of the deep neck muscles (C4) | Pre | 60.5 ± 14.5 | + 6.6* | 0.78 | 51.3 ± 7.9 | + 2.3 | 0.27 |
Post | 64.5 ± 17.8 | 52.5 ± 8.1 | |||||
Maximum voluntary isometric strength of the cervical spine (Nm) | |||||||
Extension | Pre | 56.2 ± 11.3 | + 6.8* | 0.94 | 43.0 ± 11.2 | −1.0 | 0.12 |
Post | 61.1 ± 13.2 | 42.6 ± 10.2 | |||||
Flexion | Pre | 34.4 ± 6.8 | + 17.7* | 1.1 | 24.9 ± 7.1 | + 10.5* | 1.1 |
Post | 40.6 ± 10.2 | 27.5 ± 7.2 | |||||
Lateral flexion to the right | Pre | 45.3 ± 10.3 | + 6.9* | 0.73 | 32.2 ± 8.0 | −1.0 | 0.52 |
Post | 48.4 ± 11.4 | 30.5 ± 6.8 | |||||
Lateral flexion to the left | Pre | 46.3 ± 11.0 | + 7.3* | 0.65 | 33.8 ± 8.5 | −1.0 | 0.18 |
Post | 49.7 ± 12.4 | 32.9 ± 8.8 | |||||
Rotation to the right | Pre | 19.8 ± 6.4 | + 22.7* | 1.7 | 12.5 ± 3.6 | + 1.1 | 0.44 |
Post | 24.2 ± 7.6 | 13.6 ± 4.5 | |||||
Rotation to the left | Pre | 19.3 ± 6.4 | + 23.2* | 1.5 | 13.3 ± 3.1 | + 1.1 | 0.37 |
Post | 23.8 ± 7.6 | 14.5 ± 4.5 | |||||
Questionnaire | |||||||
Perception of muscle strain | Pre | 2.0 ± 0.45 | 2.2 | 2.2 ± 0.75 | 0.17 | ||
Post | 2.4 ± 0.67 | 2.3 ± 0.52 |