Table 1 Representative vaccine candidates and their primary characteristics
Vaccine name | Developer | Type | Antigens | Preclinical studies | Clinical studies | Latest updates | No. of subjects (n) | Age of subjects (year) | Procedure | Dosage | GMT for NAbs (peak-value) | Human. Conv. Serum | Method for NAbs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mRNA vaccine | |||||||||||||
 BNT162b1 | BioNTech/Pfizer | LNP-mRNA | RBD trimer | N.A. | Phase 1/2 [20]: | 45 | 18–55 | 0/21 | 10, 30, 100 μg | 168, 267, (N.A) | 94 | VNT50 | |
 BNT162b2 | S-full length (pre-fusion) | Mice, Monkeys [24] (Challenge: Yes) | Phase 1/2 [21]: | 60 | 18–55 | 0/21 | 1, 10, 30, 50 μg | 36, 158, 308, 578 | 94 | ||||
|  | 105 | 18–55 | 0/21 | b1: 10, 20, 30, 100 μg b2: 10, 20, 30 μg | b1: 180, 203, 437, (N.A) b2: 157, 363, 361 | 94 | |||||||
90 | 65–85 | b1: 10, 20, 30 μg b2: 10, 20, 30 μg | b1:33, 179, 101 b2:111, 84, 206 | ||||||||||
phase 3: NCT04368728, interim analysis of BNT162b2 released and showed 90% effectiveness [26]. | |||||||||||||
mRNA-1273 | Moderna | LNP-mRNA | S-full length (pre-fusion) | (Challenge: Yes) | Phase 1 [27]: | 45 | 18–55 | 0/28 | 25, 100, 250 μg | 112, 343, 373 | 109 | PRNT | |
|  | phase 1 [28]: | 20 | 56–70 | 0/28 | 25, 100 μg | 116, 402 | 106 | ||||||
20 | > 71 | 25, 100 μg | 121, 317 | ||||||||||
phase 3: NCT04470427 | |||||||||||||
Viral vector vaccine | |||||||||||||
 Ad5-nCoV | CanSino | Ad5 | S-full length | Mice [38] (Challenge: Yes) | Phase 1 [36]: | 108 | 18–60 | 1 dose | 5 × 1010, 1 × 1011, 1.5 × 1011 vp | 14.5, 16.2, 34 | N.A. | live virus neutralisation, pseudovirus neutralisation tests | |
|  | Phase 2 [37]: | 508 | 18–60 | 1 dose | 5 × 1010, 1 × 1011 vp | 18.3, 19.5 | |||||||
Phase 3: NCT04526990, NCT04540419 | |||||||||||||
Ad26.COV2.S | Janssen | Ad26 | S-full length (pre-fusion) | (Challenge: Yes) | Phase 1/2a [42]: | 402 | 18–55 | 0/56 | 5 × 1010 vp; 1 × 1011 vp | 214, 243 | 522 | wild-type virus neutralization assay | |
|  | 394 | > 65 | 0/56 | 5 × 1010 vp; 1 × 1011 vp | 196, 127 | ||||||||
Phase 3: NCT04505722 | |||||||||||||
 AZD-1222 | Oxford/AstraZeneca | ChAdOx1-S | S-full length | (Challenge: Yes) | Phase 1/2 [46]: | 543 | 18–55 | 1 dose | 5 × 1010 vp | 87.9 | approx. 450 | pseudotyped virus neutralisation | |
|  | 534 | 18–55 | 1 dose | standard dose | 40 | ||||||||
10 | 18–55 | 0/28 | 5 × 1010 vp | 450.9 | |||||||||
Phase 3: ISRCTN89951424, NCT04516746, NCT04540393, CTRI/2020/08/027170 | |||||||||||||
 Sputnik-V | Gamaleya | rAd26 + rAd5 | S-full length | N.A. | Phase 1 [48] | 9 | 18–60 | 1 dose | rAd26 (Fro, Lyo): 1 × 1011 vp | 4.29, 3.67 | 32.96 | Microneutralization assay | |
|  | 9 | 18–60 | 1 dose | rAd5 (Fro, Lyo): 1 × 1011 vp | 6.3, 10.8 | ||||||||
Phase 2 [48] | 20 | 18–60 | 0/21 | (rAd26)/ (rAd5): (Fro, Lyo): 1 × 1011 vp | 49.25, 45.95 | ||||||||
Phase 3: NCT04530396, NCT04564716 | |||||||||||||
Recombinant protein vaccine | |||||||||||||
 NVX-CoV2373 | Novavax | Protein Subunit | S-full length (pre-fusion) | (Challenge: Yes) | Phase 1 [49]: | 131 | 18–60 | 0/21 | 5 μg,25 μg | 3906, 3305 | 983 | Microneutralization assay | |
|  | Phase 3: 2020–004123-16 NCT04611802 | ||||||||||||
EpiVacCorona | Vector | Peptide | SARS-CoV-2 protein | N.A. | Phase 1: NCT04527575 | 14 | 18–60 | 0/21 | No published results | ||||
86 | 18–60 | 0/21 | |||||||||||
Inactivated vaccine | |||||||||||||
 Inactivated vaccine | Wuhan Institute of Biological Products | Inactivated | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus | N.A. | Phase 1 [55]: | 96 | 18–59 | 0/28/56 | 2.5, 5, 10 μg | 316, 206, 297 | N.A. | PRNT50 | |
|  | Phase 2 [55]: | 224 | 18–59 | 0/14 | 5 μg | 121 | |||||||
0/21 | 5 μg | 247 | |||||||||||
Phase 3: ChiCTR2000034780, ChiCTR2000039000 | |||||||||||||
 BBIBP-CorV | Beijing Institute of Biological Products | Inactivated | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus | Mice,Monkeys [56] (Challenge: Yes) | Phase 1 [57]: | 192 | 18–59 | 0/28 | 2, 4, 8 μg | 87.7, 211.2, 228.7 | N.A. | Infectious SARS-CoV-2 neutralising assay | |
|  | 60–80 | 0/28 | 2, 4, 8 μg | 80.7, 131.5, 180.9 | |||||||||
Phase 2 [57]: | 448 | 18–59 | 0/14 | 4 μg | 169.5 | ||||||||
0/21 | 4 μg | 282.7 | |||||||||||
0/28 | 4 μg | 218 | |||||||||||
1 shot | 8 μg | 14.7 | |||||||||||
Phase 3: ChiCTR2000034780 NCT04560881 | |||||||||||||
 CoronaVac | Sinovac | Inactivated | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus | Mice, Monkeys [58] (Challenge: Yes) | N.A. | Phase 2 [59]: | 600 | 18–59 | 0/14 | 3, 6 μg | 27.6, 34.5 | N.A. | Cytopathogenic effect assay |
|  | 0/28 | 3, 6 μg | between 32 and 64. | ||||||||||
Phase 3: NCT04456595, 669/UN6.KEP/EC/2020, NCT04582344 | |||||||||||||
 Inactivated vaccine | Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences | Inactivated | Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus | Mice, Monkeys [60] (Challenge: Yes) | Phase 1 [33]: | 192 | 18–59 | 0/14 | 50, 100, 150 EU | 18, 54.5, 37.1 | N.A. | Infectious SARS-CoV-2 Cytopathogenic effect assay | |
0/28 | 50, 100, 150 EU | 10.6, 15.4, 19.6 | |||||||||||
| Â | Phase 1/2: NCT04470609 | ||||||||||||