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Fig. 1 | Military Medical Research

Fig. 1

From: Biodegradable materials for bone defect repair

Fig. 1

The hierarchical structure and healing mechanism of human bone. a The hierarchical structure and main nanostructure of human bone. The macrostructure of bone consists of spongy bone and compact bone, with bone and Haversian canals around blood vessels. At the micro level, bone tissue is mainly a three-dimensional (3D) nanostructure composed of nanohydroxyapatite and self-assembled collagen fibres. Reprinted with permission from [1], published by Springer Nature. b. Schematic representation of IMO, which mainly includes the following stages: differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into osteoblasts with the participation of Runx2 or osterix, formation of the ossification centre, osteoid calcification, formation of woven bone and surrounding periosteum, formation of compact and spongy bone and replacement of woven bone. c. Schematic representation of EO, which is mainly composed of the following stages: condensation and differentiation of MSCs into chondrocytes with the participation of Sox9, hypertrophy, calcification, matrix degradation, primary ossification centre formation, secondary ossification centre formation, ossification centre maturation and adult bone formation. b and c are adapted by permission from [2], published by Elsevier

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