Table 1 Comparison of human and mammalian coronaviruses

HCoV-229E

α

Human/bat

Rarely mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Common cold symptoms, such as headache, tiredness, rhinorrhea, sore throat, fever and cough

[21, 24, 25]

HCoV-OC43

β-coronavirus lineage A

Human/rat, cow

Rarely mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Common cold symptoms, such as headache, tiredness, rhinorrhea, sore throat, fever and cough

[27, 29]

SARS-CoV

β-coronavirus lineage B

Human/bat, masked civet

Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Fever, muscle weakness, tiredness, headache, chill, dyspnea, pneumonia, multiple organ dysfunction

[32,33,34,35]

HCoV-NL63

α

Human/bat

Rarely mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Common cold symptoms, such as headache, tiredness, rhinorrhea, sore throat, fever and cough

[22, 26]

HCoV-HKU1

β-coronavirus lineage A

Human

Rarely mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Common cold symptoms, such as headache, tiredness, rhinorrhea, sore throat, fever and cough

[28]

MERS-CoV

β-coronavirus lineage C

Human/bat, camel

Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Fever, muscle weakness, tiredness, headache, chill, dyspnea, pneumonia, multiple organ dysfunction

[36,37,38]

SARS-CoV-2

β-coronavirus lineage B

Human

Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Fever, muscle weakness, tiredness, headache, chill, dyspnea, pneumonia, multiple organ dysfunction

[1,2,3, 39,40,41,42,43,44,45]

PEDV

α

Porcine

Diarrhea, vomiting

–

[6,7,8]

TGEV

α

Porcine

Diarrhea, vomiting

–

[6,7,8]

SADS-CoV

α

Porcine/bat

Acute severe diarrhea, vomiting

Tiredness, rapid weight loss

[6,7,8]

PDCoV

δ

Porcine

Diarrhea, vomiting

–

[9,10,11]

FIPV

α

Feline

Diarrhea, vomiting

Anorexia, weight loss, dehydration, consecutive fever in the early stage;

pleural effusion, ascites, enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes, multiple organ dysfunction, such as in the eyes, kidneys, liver or central nervous system, in the later stage

[15, 16]

FECV

α

Feline

Mild intestinal infection, diarrhea, vomiting

–

[15, 16]

CCoV

α

Canine

Diarrhea, sometimes vomiting

–

[12, 13]

BCoV

β

Bovine

Diarrhea, sometimes hematochezia

Fever, milk production reduction, anorexia, sometimes cough and rhinorrhea

[18,19,20]