Table 1 Comparison of human and mammalian coronaviruses
| Name | Taxonomy | Host | Gastrointestinal symptoms | Other system symptoms | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HCoV-229E | α | Human/bat | Rarely mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhea | Common cold symptoms, such as headache, tiredness, rhinorrhea, sore throat, fever and cough | [21, 24, 25] |
| HCoV-OC43 | β-coronavirus lineage A | Human/rat, cow | Rarely mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhea | Common cold symptoms, such as headache, tiredness, rhinorrhea, sore throat, fever and cough | [27, 29] |
| SARS-CoV | β-coronavirus lineage B | Human/bat, masked civet | Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea | Fever, muscle weakness, tiredness, headache, chill, dyspnea, pneumonia, multiple organ dysfunction | [32,33,34,35] |
| HCoV-NL63 | α | Human/bat | Rarely mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhea | Common cold symptoms, such as headache, tiredness, rhinorrhea, sore throat, fever and cough | [22, 26] |
| HCoV-HKU1 | β-coronavirus lineage A | Human | Rarely mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhea | Common cold symptoms, such as headache, tiredness, rhinorrhea, sore throat, fever and cough | [28] |
| MERS-CoV | β-coronavirus lineage C | Human/bat, camel | Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea | Fever, muscle weakness, tiredness, headache, chill, dyspnea, pneumonia, multiple organ dysfunction | [36,37,38] |
| SARS-CoV-2 | β-coronavirus lineage B | Human | Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea | Fever, muscle weakness, tiredness, headache, chill, dyspnea, pneumonia, multiple organ dysfunction | [1,2,3, 39,40,41,42,43,44,45] |
| PEDV | α | Porcine | Diarrhea, vomiting | – | [6,7,8] |
| TGEV | α | Porcine | Diarrhea, vomiting | – | [6,7,8] |
| SADS-CoV | α | Porcine/bat | Acute severe diarrhea, vomiting | Tiredness, rapid weight loss | [6,7,8] |
| PDCoV | δ | Porcine | Diarrhea, vomiting | – | [9,10,11] |
| FIPV | α | Feline | Diarrhea, vomiting |
Anorexia, weight loss, dehydration, consecutive fever in the early stage; pleural effusion, ascites, enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes, multiple organ dysfunction, such as in the eyes, kidneys, liver or central nervous system, in the later stage | [15, 16] |
| FECV | α | Feline | Mild intestinal infection, diarrhea, vomiting | – | [15, 16] |
| CCoV | α | Canine | Diarrhea, sometimes vomiting | – | [12, 13] |
| BCoV | β | Bovine | Diarrhea, sometimes hematochezia | Fever, milk production reduction, anorexia, sometimes cough and rhinorrhea | [18,19,20] |
