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Table 1 Rural vs. non-rural residence by study predictor variables (N = 1692)a

From: Mental health status in veterans residing in rural versus non-rural areas: results from the veterans’ health study

Item

Study variables [n(%)]a

Residencea#

OR

P

Non-rural (%)

Rural (%)

bAge

 

18–64 [733(43.6)]

46.0

40.7

1.00

0.028

 

≥65 [949(56.4)]

54.0

59.3

1.24

–

Gender

 

Male [1614(95.4)]

94.9

96.0

0.79

0.308

 

Female [78(4.6)]

5.1

4.0

1.00

–

Race

 

White [1620(95.7)]

94.8

96.9

1.69

0.034

 

Non-White [72(4.3)]

5.2

3.1

1.00

–

Marital status

 

Married [1315(77.7)]

74.9

81.1

1.44

0.002

 

Not married [377(22.3)]

25.1

18.9

1.00

–

Education

 

College graduate [413(24.4)]

27.5

20.7

0.69

0.001

 

Non-college graduate [1279(75.6)]

72.5

79.3

1.00

–

Income

 

≥$100 K [373 (22.0)]

23.1

20.7

0.87

0.234

 

<$100 K [1319(78.0)]

76.9

79.3

1.00

–

Deployed tours

 

Multiple [671(39.7)]

38.7

40.9

1.10

0.364

 

Single [1018(60.3)]

61.3

59.1

1.00

–

Stressful events past year

 

Yes [361(21.3)]

23.4

18.9

0.77

0.026

 

No [1331(78.7)]

76.6

81.1

1.00

–

Combat exposure

 

High [403 (23.8)]

23.5

24.3

1.05

0.704

 

Low [1289(76.2)]

76.5

75.7

1.00

–

Lifetime trauma

 

High [351(20.7)]

20.5

21.0

1.03

0.820

 

Low [1341(79.3)]

79.5

79.0

1.00

–

Social support

 

Low [309(18.3)]

18.7

17.7

0.94

0.606

 

Not low[1383(81.7)]

81.3

82.3

1.00

–

Social capital

 

Low [338(20.0)]

23.7

15.5

0.59

< 0.001

 

Not low [1354(80.0)]

76.3

84.5

1.00

–

  1. aBased on column percent. #Proportional difference P < 0.001, based on 99% exact confidence intervals for nonrural vs. rural. bThe age had 10 missing values. Altogether, 38 veterans had missing zipcode data and excluded from this analysis