Table 1 Classification of evidence and recommendation
Grade of Recommendation | Strength of the recommendation: Benefits vs. risks, harms, and burdens (Grade 1 or 2) | State of the scientific evidence: Methodologic strength of supporting evidence (Grade A, B, or C)a | Implications |
|---|---|---|---|
1A:Strong recommendation, high-quality evidence | Benefits clearly outweigh risk and burden, or vice versa | Consistent evidence from RCTs without important limitations or exceptionally strong evidence from observational studies | Recommendation can apply to most patients in most circumstances. Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect |
1B: Strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence | Benefits clearly outweigh risk and burden, or vice versa | Evidence from RCTs with important limitations (inconsistent results, methodologic flaws, indirect or imprecise), or very strong evidence from observational studies | Recommendation can apply to most patients in most circumstances. Higher quality research may well have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate |
1C: Strong recommendation, low or very low-quality evidence | Benefits clearly outweigh risk and burden, or vice versa | Evidence for at least one critical outcome from observational studies, case series, or from RCTs with serious flaws or indirect evidence | Recommendation can apply to most patients in many circumstances. Higher quality research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may well change the estimate |
2A: Weak recommendation, high-quality evidence | Benefits closely balanced with risks and burden | Consistent evidence from RCTs without important limitations or exceptionally strong evidence from observational studies | The best action may differ depending on circumstances or patients’ or societal values. Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect |
2B: Weak recommendation, moderate-quality evidence | Benefits closely balanced with risks and burden | Evidence from RCTs with important limitations (inconsistent results, methodologic flaws, indirect or imprecise), or very strong evidence from observational studies | Best action may differ depending on circumstances or patients’ or societal values. Higher quality research may well have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. |
2C: Weak recommendation, low or very low-quality evidence | Uncertainty in the estimates of benefits, risks, and burden; benefits, risk, and burden may be closely balanced | Evidence for at least one critical outcome from observational studies, case series, or from RCTs with serious flaws or indirect evidence | Other alternatives may be equally reasonable. Higher quality research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may well change the estimate |
Ungraded consensus-based statement | Uncertainty due to lack of evidence but expert opinion that benefits outweigh risk and burdens or vice versa | Insufficient evidence for a graded recommendation | Future research may well have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate |