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Table 1 Selected studies changes in circadian rhythms and adaptation of model organisms under non-24-h conditions

From: Circadian misalignment on submarines and other non-24-h environments – from research to application

Species

Non-24-h periods (h)

Adaptability

References

Cyanobacteria (Synechococcus elongates)

LD 11:11, LD 15:15

Decreased growth competence and adaptability

[33, 34]

Bakery mold (Neurospora crassa)

Temperature cycles: T12

Conidiation rhythms ran free

[35]

LD 14:14, LD 9:9, LD 6:6

Conidiation rhythms were entrained

[25]

LD 6, LD 18, LD 48

Conidiation rhythms were entrained

[27]

Tomato

LD 6:6, LD 24:24

Significantly decreased growth

[36]

Thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)

LD 10:10, LD 14:14

Decreased leaf chlorophyll content; decreased photosynthetic carbon fixation; decreased vegetative growth and survival

[37]

LD 10:10, LD 14:14

The mutants showed a strong positive correlation in competition under the T-cycle growth conditions

[38]

Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis)

LD 6:6, LD 8:8, LD 24:24

Leaf movement rhythms were entrained under LD 8:8, ran free under LD 6:6 and LD 24:24

[24]

Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)

LD 21, LD 27

Reduced life span

[39]

Blowfly (Phormia terraenovae)

T26 T28

Decreased life spans under T26 and T28

[40]

House sparrow (Passer domesticus)

LD 6:6, LD 3:3, LD 1.5:1.5

Locomotion rhythms were at least partially entrained or showed superposition

[2]

Common chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs)

LD 22, LD 23, LD 25, LD 26

Activity rhythms were entrained to ranges from LD 23 to LD 25

[35]

Mouse (Mus musculus)

Temperature cycles: T20, 28

Superposition of luciferase rhythms in lung and SCN tissues, partially entrained

[41]

Nile grass rat Arvicanthis niloticus

T22–26

Locomotion rhythms were entrained between T = 23 and T = 25

[42]

Rat (Rattus rattus)

Feeding cycles: T20, T28

Decreased food intake and weight gain

[43]

Squirrel monkey (Cebidae Saimiri)

LD 9:9, LD 2:2

Core body temperature ran free, lower amplitude

[26]

  1. Studies under asymmetric T-cycles are not included
  2. L Denotes “light”, D denotes “dark”, LD X:Y Denotes cycling conditions with light for X hours and dark for Y hours alternatively, SCN Suprachiasmatic nucleus