Table 2 Participants’ self-reported pain and pain related functional disability (pain log & MVAS), PTSD (PCL-M) and depression symptom severity (CES-D) by group and visit number [n, mean ± SD]

 Biomodulator (n = 34)

25, 4.7 ± 1.9

17, 3.8 ± 2.5

18, 3.8 ± 2.1

17, 4.2 ± 2.0

13, 3.5 ± 1.7

13, 3.1 ± 1.4

13, 3.7 ± 2.3

 Acupuncture (n = 36)

32, 4.6 ± 1.9

20, 3.9 ± 1.8

21, 3.5 ± 2.2

19, 2.9 ± 2.2

18, 3.8 ± 2.5

18, 3.2 ± 1.5

11, 3.4 ± 3.0

 TENS (n = 30)

26, 4.5 ± 1.8

23, 3.5 ± 1.5

22, 3.5 ± 1.8

21, 3.4 ± 1.8

21, 2.7 ± 1.8

22, 2.7 ± 1.4

9, 3.3 ± 1.4

 Biomodulator (n = 34)

25, −1.8 ± 1.7

17, − 0.9 ± 2.0

16, − 1.4 ± 1.6

17, −1.9 ± 1.6

12, − 1.3 ± 1.4

13, −1.6 ± 0.9

–

 Acupuncture (n = 36)

32, − 1.8 ± 1.7

20, − 1.6 ± 1.5

21, −1.3 ± 1.6

18, − 0.9 ± 1.2

18, −1.6 ± 1.8

17, − 1.2 ± 0.8

–

 TENS (n = 30)

24, − 1.8 ± 2.3

22, −1.4 ± 1.1

22, − 1.0 ± 1.4

21, −1.3 ± 1.1

21, − 0.8 ± 0.8

21, − 1.0 ± 0.7

–

 Biomodulator (n = 34)

30, 81.2 ± 20.5

20, 68.9 ± 25.0

16, 64.1 ± 24.3

15, 68.4 ± 24.5

13, 64.8 ± 27.5

15, 59.1 ± 29.9

21, 59.1 ± 29.8

 Acupuncture (n = 36)

35, 72.2 ± 25.5

22, 54.5 ± 25.4

19, 54.7 ± 25.7

20, 51.3 ± 30.9

17, 56.2 ± 33.6

16, 54.5 ± 28.9

19, 54.1 ± 33.4

 TENS (n = 30)

29, 67.14 ± 18.3

19, 68.9 ± 25.1

25, 63.4 ± 26.9

19, 65.6 ± 27.4

17, 58.6 ± 25.0

22, 57.1 ± 25.2

25, 50.0 ± 22.5

 Biomodulator (n = 34)

25, 35.2 ± 15.2

–

–

–

–

15, 38.6 ± 17.6

13, 37.2 ± 15.9

 Acupuncture (n = 36)

33, 31.7 ± 18.1

–

–

–

–

14, 30.1 ± 17.6

15, 37.8 ± 21.9

 TENS (n = 30)

26, 27.5 ± 10.5

–

–

–

16, 25.9 ± 13.1

18, 25.2 ± 11.8

 Biomodulator (n = 34)

22, 18.3 ± 11.3

–

–

–

–

15, 23.5 ± 14.7

14, 20.8 ± 14.6

 Acupuncture (n = 36)

33, 12.1 ± 12.7

–

–

–

–

12, 16.7 ± 16.0

18, 18.4 ± 14.9

 TENS (n = 30)

26, 10.7 ± 10.3

–

–

–

–

15, 11.2 ± 12.8

16, 12.6 ± 10.8