Table 1 Participant characteristics (n = 100)

Age (year, mean ± SD)

49.1 ± 10.8

45.8 ± 10.6

42.2 ± 10.3

4.5

Females [n (%)]

7 (20.6)

9 (25.0)

6 (20.0)

0.3

Race^** [n (%)]

2.5

 African American

7 (20.6)

11 (30.6)

6 (20.0)

–

 European American

15 (44.1)

12 (33.3)

16 (53.3)

–

 Other

8 (23.5)

12 (33.3)

8 (26.7)

–

Married or in a relationship [n (%)]

23 (67.6)

22 (61.1)

27 (90.0)

6.6^*

Bachelor’s degree or higher [n (%)]

21 (61.7)

19 (52.8)

18 (60.0)

0.3

Active Duty [n (%)]

10 (29.4)

15 (41.7)

15 (50.0)

0.2

Years of pain (mean ± SD)

8.6 ± 6.5

8.6 ± 10.5

6.3 ± 7.0

4.3

Taking medication [n (%)]

25 (73.5)

22 (61.1)

19 (63.3)

0.4