Comparison of dietary intakes of Canadian Armed Forces personnel consuming field rations in acute hot, cold, and temperate conditions with standardized infantry activities

Table 4 Comparison of the effects of the different treatments on urinary and blood biomarkers in CAF personnel. [Mean ± SD]

Biomarker¹	Sedentary	Strenuous physical activity²			P-value
Biomarker¹	Sedentary	Cold	Hot	Temperate	P-value
Urinary creatinine (mmol/d)	16 ± 4	15 ± 4	15 ± 5	15 ± 6	0.68
Urinary urea (mmol/d)	406 ± 92^a	376 ± 113^ab	327 ± 83^b	359 ± 115^ab	0.03*
Urinary sodium (mmol/d)	156 ± 56^a	146 ± 68^a	97 ± 52^b	111 ± 68^b	0.001*
Urinary potassium (mmol/d)	56 ± 16	50 ± 17	48 ± 16	45 ± 19	0.24
Urinary cortisol (nmol/L)	86 ± 43	73 ± 20	90 ± 59	90 ± 54	0.57
Urea (mmol/L)	5 ± 0.8	5 ± 1.1	5 ± 1.3	5 ± 0.9	0.17
Creatinine (μmol/L)	78 ± 12	79 ± 14	80 ± 15	79 ± 15	0.26
eGFR¹ [ml/(min·1.73 m²)]	96 ± 9	95 ± 11	92 ± 13	95 ± 12	0.15
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.1 ± 0.7	0.9 ± 0.3	0.9 ± 0.3	1 ± 0.6	0.38
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.3 ± 0.8	4.1 ± 0.7	4.3 ± 0.8	4.1 ± 0.7	0.19
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.3 ± 0.5	1.3 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.4	0.40
Cholesterol/HDL ratio (mmol/L)	3.5 ± 0.9	3.3 ± 0.9	3.4 ± 1.0	3.4 ± 1.1	0.38
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.4 ± 0.5	2.4 ± 0.6	2.6 ± 0.7	2.3 ± 0.6	0.18
Non-HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.9 ± 0.6	2.8 ± 0.7	2.9 ± 0.8	2.8 ± 0.8	0.17
Ascorbic acid (μmol/L)	43 ± 16	42 ± 13	44 ± 14	39 ± 12	0.55

Study participants were Regular Force or Class A Reservists (n = 18). The data presented are for 24 h urinary biomarkers and blood biomarkers (collected the day after the experimental trial visits [sedentary (21 °C), cold (− 10 °C), hot (30 °C) and temperate (21 °C); humidity (~ 30–50%)] of CAF participants. ¹Urinary and blood biomarker data were examined by Linear Mixed Models with Bonferroni adjustment. ²Strenuous physical activity consisted of infantry activities during the 8 h experimental treatments. Data are presented as the means ± standard deviations (SDs). ^a,bValues with different superscripts indicate statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.05); ^*P-value is the significance level for differences between the experimental treatments. ¹Calculated eGFR as provided by Lifelabs and calculated as 186 × (Creatinine/88.4)^-1.154 × (Age)^-0.203 × (0.742 if female) × (1.210 if black)

ISSN: 2054-9369