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Table 1 Reported epidemiological studies of the relationship between CS and the risk of selected autoimmune diseases

From: Smoking under hypoxic conditions: a potent environmental risk factor for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune disease

Case-control studies

(No. of studies showing increased risk/total no. of studies)

Cohort studies

(No. of studies showing increased risk/total no. of studies)

Range of observed OR (RR) of developing diseases

RA

11/12 [24, 26,27,28, 31,32,33,34, 36,37,38,39]

4/4 [29, 30, 35, 40]

0.6-3.4

-Risk increases with increases in the duration and intensity of smoking

-Males are more prone

MS

1/3 [44,45,46]

2/2 [47, 48]

1.6-1.9

-Risk increases with increases in the intensity of smoking

SLE

3/8 [49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56]

0/2 [57, 58]

0.5-6.7

-Current smokers are mainly at risk

GD

8/8 [42, 59,60,61,62,63,64,65]

1/1 [66]

1.3-8.2

-Current smokers are at higher risk than former smokers

-Risk increases with increases in the intensity of smoking

-Females might be more prone

Primary biliary cirrhosis

2/2 [67, 68]

-

1.6-3.5

  1. RA Rheumatoid arthritis, MS Multiple sclerosis, SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus, GD Graves’ disease, - No data