Fig. 1
From: Radiation-induced inflammation and autoimmune diseases
The mechanisms of IR-induced inflammation or anti-inflammatory responses. After apoptosis, macrophages detect apoptotic bodies, leading to the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). This response is observed for low doses of ionizing radiation (IR) (less than 1 Gy), where apoptosis is more common than necrosis. However, damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released by necrotic cells after exposure to high doses of IR stimulate T-cells and dendritic cells (DCs) to upregulate inflammatory mediators and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines