Table 2 Epidemiological studies of microwaves
From: Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains
Item | Reference | Sample/Model | Exposure condition | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Occupational exposure | Dasdag et al. 1992 | Workers in TV transmitting station and medium wave broadcasting station | Frequency ranging between 202 and 209, 694–701, 750–757, 774–781 and 1062 MHz | Suffered from many illnesses |
Dasdag et al. 1994 | Workers in TV transmitting station and medium wave broadcasting station | Frequency ranging between 202 and 209, 694–701, 750–757, 774–781 and 1062 MHz | Showed significant psychiatric signs | |
Dasdag et al. 1999 | Radio-link technicians and other workers, working years of subjects were 10 to 22Â years | 167Â MHz, 420Â MHz, 2Â GHz and 6 GHZ with output powers of 200.0, 10.0, 1.5 and 4.0 watt, respectively | Fatigue, headache, irritability, loss of appetite, sleepiness and memory difficulties were observed, but there were no pathological findings | |
Richter et al. 2002 | 5 young patients had brain tumors, 10Â years of initial occupational exposures to radar | GHz range; 10-300Â W | Incubation period shortened | |
Szmigielski et al. 1996 | Military career personnel in Poland during a 15-year period (1971–1985) | Pulse-modulated microwaves at 150–3500 MHz) 2–6 W/m2 | Prevalence of brain cancer in each age group was higher | |
Mobile phone exposure | Interphone study group. 2010 | Regular mobile phone user | Mobile phones | No increase in risk of glioma or meningioma was observed. An increased isk of glioma at the highest exposure levels was observed, but biases and error prevent a causal interpretation |
Larjabaara et al. 2011 | Regular mobile phone user | Mobile phones | Gliomas are not preferentially located in parts of the brain with the highest exposure | |
Hardell et al. 2011 | 2708 glioma and 2409 meningioma cases | Mobile phones | No increased risk | |
Carlberg et al. 2013 | Brain tumor cases of both genders aged 18–75 years and diagnosed during 2007–2009 | Mobile phones | No conclusive evidence of an association between use of mobile phones and cordless phones and meningioma | |
Mortazavi et al. 2014 | College students | 900Â MHz GSM mobile phone; 10Â min | Visual reaction time decreased | |
Koivisto et al. 2000 | Healthy humans | 902Â MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones | Reaction time reduction | |
Preece et al. 2009 | Humans | 915Â MHz | Improvement of cognitive function | |
Koivisto et al. 2000 | Healthy subjects | 902Â MHz electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones | Improvement of working memory | |
Edelstyn et al. 2002 | Healthy subjects | Electromagnetic field emitted by a 900Â MHz mobile phone for 30Â min | Improvement of attentional capacity and processing speed | |
Smythe et al. 2003 | Male and female subjects | Mobile phones | Spatial learning ability were improved in males but not in females | |
Effects on children | Otto et al. 2007 | Children | Mobile phones | Microwaves encountered in common life are most likely not a priority issue in children’s environmental health |
Aydin et al. 2011 | 352 families of brain tumor patients in 7–19 years old adolescents and 646 matched controls | Mobile phones | Non-significantly increased OR value | |
Lee et al. 2001 | Adolescents | Electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones | Mild facilitating effect on attention functions |