Table 1 Summary of studies evaluating the association of bacterial vaginosis with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Reference | Location | Study design | Population | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Joesoef, et al. [85] | Indonesia | Cross-sectional | Pregnant women | Women with BV had more than a 2-fold increase in chlamydia and a 6-fold increase in gonorrhea |
Keane, et al. [86] | London, UK | Case-control | Women attending genitourinary medicine clinics | Association between chlamydia and BV (odds ratio = 5.4) |
Nilsson, et al. [87] | Stockholm, Sweden | Cross-sectional | Women attending family planning and youth clinics | BV is associated with sexual behavior risk factors similar to those associated with Chlamydia |
Martin, et al. [88] | Mobasa, Kenya | Cohort | Sex workers | Absence of vaginal lactobacilli increased the risk of gonorrhea (hazard ratio = 1.7) |
Wiesenfeld, et al. [89] | Pennsylvania, US | Cross-sectional | Non-pregnant women who sought care at STD clinics | Women with BV were more likely to test positive for N. gonorrhoeae (odds ratio = − 4.1 or C. trachomatis (OR = 3.4) |
Ness, et al. [90] | Pennsylvania, Colorado, California, Alabama, South Carolina, US | Cohort | Women visiting planning clinics, university health clinics, gynecology clinics, and STD units | Baseline BV prevalence was associated with gonococcal or chlamydial genital infection (OR = 2.8) |
Allsworth, et al. [91] | Rhode Island, US | Cohort | Women attending primary care, gynecology, and family planning clinics | Severity of BV (Nugent score >8) was associated with the incident of a STI (C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, or pelvic inflammatory disease) |
Brotman, et al. [92] | Alabama, US | Cohort | Non-pregnant women visiting clinics for routine care | BV at the prior visit increased the risk of a subsequent C. trachomatis (hazard ratio = 1.9) and N. gonorrhoeae (hazard ratio = 1.8) infection |
Gallo, et al. [93] | Alabama, US | Cohort | Women attending public STD clinics | BV increased the risk of gonorrhea/chlamydia (pairwise odds ratio = 1.6) and gonorrhea/chlamydia also increased the risk of BV (pairwise odds ratio = 2.4) |